Shape Expressions Language 2.1

Final Community Group Report

This version:
http://shex.io/shex-semantics-20191008/
Latest published version:
http://shex.io/shex-semantics/
Editor's draft:
https://shexspec.github.io/spec/
Previous version:
http://shex.io/shex-semantics-20181122/
Test suite:
https://github.com/shexSpec/shexTest
Bug tracker:
File a bug (open bugs)
Editors:
Eric Prud'hommeaux (W3C/MIT)
Iovka Boneva (University of Lille)
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo (University of Oviedo)
Gregg Kellogg (Spec-Ops)
Participate:
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Abstract

The Shape Expressions (ShEx) language describes RDF nodes and graph structures. A node constraint describes an RDF node (IRI, blank node or literal) and a shape describes the triples involving nodes in an RDF graph. These descriptions identify predicates and their associated cardinalities and datatypes. ShEx shapes can be used to communicate data structures associated with some process or interface, generate or validate data, or drive user interfaces.

This document defines the ShEx language. See the Shape Expressions Primer for a non-normative description of ShEx.

Status of This Document

This specification was published by the Shape Expressions Community Group. It is not a W3C Standard nor is it on the W3C Standards Track. Please note that under the W3C Community Contributor License Agreement (CLA) there is a limited opt-out and other conditions apply. Learn more about W3C Community and Business Groups.

ShEx 2.1 adds IMPORTS and language tag value sets to ShEx 2.1. No tests changed as a result of this and no implementations or applications are known to have been affected.

If you wish to make comments regarding this document, please raise them as GitHub issues. There are separate interfaces for specification, language and test issues. Only send comments to public-shex@w3.org (subscribe, archives) if you are unable to raise issues on GitHub. All comments are welcome.

1. Introduction

The Shape Expressions (ShEx) language provides a structural schema for RDF data. This can be used to document APIs or datasets, aid in development of API-conformant messages, minimize defensive programming, guide user interfaces, or anything else that involves a machine-readable description of data organization and typing requirements.

ShEx describes RDF graph [RDF11-CONCEPTS] structures as sets of potentially connected Shapes. These constrain the triples involving nodes in an RDF graph. Node Constraints constrain RDF nodes by constraining their node kind (IRI, blank node or Literal), enumerating permissible values in value sets, specifying their datatype, and constraining value ranges of Literals. Additionally, they constrain lexical forms of Literals, IRIs and labeled blank nodes. Shape Expressions schemas share blank nodes with the constrained RDF graphs in the same way that graphs in RDF datasets [rdf11-concepts] share blank nodes.

ShEx can be represented in JSON structures (ShExJ) or a compact syntax (ShExC). The compact syntax is intended for human consumption; the JSON structure for machine processing. This document defines ShEx in terms of ShExJ and includes a section on the ShEx Compact Syntax (ShEx).

2. Notation

The JSON [rfc7159] Syntax serves as a serializable proxy for an abstract syntax.

RDF terms are represented as JSON-LD nodes.

2.1 JSON Grammar

This specification uses a JSON grammar to describe the set of JSON documents that can be interpreted as a ShEx schema. ShEx data structures are represented as JSON objects with a member with the name "type" (i.e. an object with a type attribute):

{ "type": "typeName", member0…n }

These are expressed in JSON grammar as typeName { member* }. RFC7159 Section 2 provides syntactic constraints for JSON — the grammar constraining those to valid ShExJ constructs is composed of:

The following examples are excerpts from the definitions below. In the JSON notation,

signifies that a Schema has four optional components called startActs, start, imports and shapes:

signifies that a shapeExpr is one of seven object types: ShapeOr | ShapeAnd | ….

NodeConstraint { nodeKind:("iri" | "bnode" | "nonliteral" | "literal")? xsFacet* } xsFacet = stringFacet | numericFacet ;

signifies that a NodeConstraint has a nodeKind of one of the four literals followed by any number of xsFacet and an xsFacet is either a stringFacet or a numericFacet.

2.2 References

ShExJ is a dialect of JSON-LD [JSON-LD] and the member id is used as a node identifier. An object may be represented inline or referenced by its id which may be either a blank node or an IRI.

The JSON structure may include references to shape expressions and triple expressions:

An object with a circular reference must be referenced by an id. This example uses a nested shape reference on a value expression (defined below).

{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
    { "id": "http://schema.example/#IssueShape",
      "type": "Shape", "expression": {
        "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "http://schema.example/#related",
        "valueExpr": "http://schema.example/#IssueShape", "min": 0 } } ] }

Not captured in this JSON syntax definition is the rule that every shapeExpr nested in a schema's shapes must have an id and no other shapeExpr may have an id. The JSON syntax definitition simplifies this by adding id:shapeExprLabel? to every shapeExpr. This example includes a nested shape. Nested shapes are not permitted to have ids.

{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
    { "id": "http://schema.example/#IssueShape",
      "type": "Shape", "expression": {
        "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "http://schema.example/#submittedBy",
        "valueExpr": {
          "type": "Shape", "expression": {
            "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "http://schema.example/#name",
            "valueExpr": {
              "type": "NodeConstraint", "nodeKind": "literal"
            } } } } } ] }
Note

The shape expressions in a schema are expressed as a list of shape expressions with id attributes because JSON-LD 1.0 has no provision for defining as JSON object as representing a map of URL→object. Drafts of JSON-LD 1.1 include this expressivity and, once JSON-LD 1.1 exits Candidate Recommendation, future versions of ShExJ will likely adopt it while requiring backard-compatibility with the list of shape expressions with id attributes.

2.3 Document style

JSON examples are rendered in a .json CSS style. Partial examples include ranges in a .comment CSS style to indicate text which would be substituted in a complete example. For example { "type": "ShapeAnd", "shapeExprs": [ SE1, ] } indicates that both SE1 and would be substituted in a complete example.

In javascript-enabled browsers, schemas with a button can be converted between the JSON representation and the compact syntax by clicking the button. The button text indicates the currently shown representation. Selecting the example and pressing "j" or "c" converts the example to the JSON (ShExJ) or compact form (ShExC). Pressing "shift J" or "shift C" converts all such examples to ShExJ or ShExC.

2.4 Graph access

The validation process defined in this document relies on matching triple patterns in the form (subject, predicate, object) where each position may be supplied by a constant, a previously defined term, or the underscore "_", which represents a previously undefined element or wildcard. This corresponds to a SPARQL Triple Pattern where each "_" is replaced by a unique blank node. Matching such a triple pattern against a graph is defined by SPARQL Basic Graph Pattern Matching (BGP) with a BGP containing only that triple pattern.

2.5 Validation process

ShEx validation is defined in this document by the isValid function. This process takes as input a shapes schema, an RDF graph, and a fixed ShapeMap (abbreviated as "ShapeMap" in this document). ShEx validation results may be reported as a result ShapeMap [shape-map]. For illustration purposes in this specification, both the fixed ShapeMap input and the result ShapeMap output are represented in a table with four columns: node: a ShapeMap nodeSelector, shape: a ShapeMap shapeLabel, result: "pass" (for "conformant" status) or "fail" ("nonconformant" status), and an optional reason: an informal, human-readable explanation.

nodeshaperesultreason
<node1><Shape1>pass
<node2><Shape1>failno ex:state supplied.

3. Terminology

Shape expressions are defined using terms from RDF semantics [rdf11-mt]:

This specification makes use of the following namespaces:

foaf:
http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
rdf:
http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs:
http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
shex:
http://www.w3.org/ns/shex#
xsd:
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

The following functions access the elements of an RDF graph G containing a node n:

Consider the RDF graph G represented in Turtle:

PREFIX ex: http://schema.example/#
PREFIX inst: http://inst.example/#
PREFIX foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/
PREFIX xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

inst:Issue1 
    ex:state      ex:unassigned ;
    ex:reportedBy _:User2 .

_:User2
    foaf:name     "Bob Smith" ;
    foaf:mbox     <mailto:bob@example.org> .

There are two arcs out of _:User2; arcsOut(G, _:User2):

_:User2  foaf:name  "Bob Smith" .
_:User2  foaf:mbox  <mailto:bob@example.org> .

There is one arc into _:User2; arcsIn(G, _:User2):

inst:Issue1 ex:reportedBy  _:User2 .

There are three arcs in the neighbourhood of _:User2 set, neigh(G, _:User2):

_:User2  foaf:name  "Bob Smith" .
_:User2  foaf:mbox  <mailto:bob@example.org> .
inst:Issue1 ex:reportedBy  _:User2 .

4. Conformance

As well as sections marked as non-normative, all authoring guidelines, diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non-normative. Everything else in this specification is normative.

The key words MAY, MUST, MUST NOT, and SHOULD NOT in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

Conformance criteria are relevant to authors and authoring tool implementers. As well as sections marked as non-normative, all authoring guidelines, diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non-normative. Everything else in this specification is normative.

5. The Shape Expressions Language

A Shape Expressions (ShEx) schema is a collection of labeled Shapes and Node Constraints. These can be used to describe or test nodes in RDF graphs. ShEx does not prescribe a language for associating nodes with shapes but several approaches are described in the ShEx Primer.

5.1 Shapes Schema

A shapes schema is captured in a Schema object:

Schema{startActs:[SemAct+]? start:shapeExpr? imports:[IRI+]? shapes:[shapeExpr+]? }

where shapes is a mapping from shape label to shape expression.

{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#IssueShape",  },
  { "id": "_:UserShape",  },
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#EmployeeShape",  } ] }
                                                         
ex:IssueShape { … }
_:UserShape { … }
ex:EmployeeShape { … }

5.2 Validation Definition

isValid: For a graph G, a schema Sch and a fixed ShapeMap ism, isValid(G, Sch, ism) indicates that for every RDFnode/shapeLabel pair (n, sl) in ism, the node n satisfies the shape expression identified by sl. The latter is captured by the expression satisfies(n, s, G, Sch, completeTyping(G, Sch)). The function satisfies is defined for every kind of shape expression.

The validation of an RDF graph G against a ShEx schema Sch is based on the existence of completeTyping(G, Sch). For an RDF graph G and a shapes schema Sch, a typing is a set of pairs of the form (n, s) where n is a node in G and s is a Shape that appears in some shape expression in the shapes mapping of Sch. A correct typing is a typing such that for every RDFnode/shape pair (n,s) in typing, matchesShape(n, s, G, Sch, typing) holds. completeTyping(G, Sch) is a unique correct typing that exists for every graph and every ShEx schema that satisfies the schema requirements.

completeTyping: the definition of completeTyping(G, Sch) is based on a stratification of Sch. The number of strata of Sch is the number of maximal strongly connected components of the dependency graph of Sch. A stratification of a schema Sch with k strata is a function stratum that associates with every Shape in Sch a natural number between 1 and k such that:

The existence of a stratification for every schema is guaranteed by the negation requirement.

Given a stratification stratum of Sch with k strata, define inductively the series of k typings completeTypingOn(1, G, Sch)completeTypingOn(k, G, Sch).

Then completeTyping(G, Sch) = completeTypingOn(k, G, Sch).

Note
The definition on strogly connected component and maximal strongly connected component of a graph can be found on Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly_connected_component.
Note

The schema Sch might have several different stratifications but completeTyping(G, Sch) is the same for all these stratifications. This property is reminiscent of the use of stratified negiation in Datalog.

In order to decide isValid(Sch, G, m), it is sufficient to compute only a portion of completeTyping using an appropriate algorithm.

Note

Popular methods for constructing the input fixed ShapeMaps can be found on https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/ShEx/ShapeMap.

5.3 Shape Expressions

A shape expression is composed of four kinds of objects combined with the algebraic operators And, Or and Not:

5.3.1 JSON Syntax

shapeExpr = ShapeOr | ShapeAnd | ShapeNot | NodeConstraint | Shape | ShapeExternal | shapeExprRef ;
ShapeOr { id:shapeExprLabel? shapeExprs:[shapeExpr{2,}] }
ShapeAnd { id:shapeExprLabel? shapeExprs:[shapeExpr{2,}] }
ShapeNot { id:shapeExprLabel? shapeExpr:shapeExpr }
ShapeExternal { id:shapeExprLabel? }
shapeExprRef = shapeExprLabel ;
shapeExprLabel = IRIREF | BNODE ;

Examples of shape expressions:

{ "type": "Shape",  }    
{  }                     
 
{ "type": "ShapeAnd", "shapeExprs": [
  { "type": "NodeConstraint", "nodeKind": "iri" },
  { "type": "ShapeOr", "shapeExprs": [
    "http://schema.example/#IssueShape",
    { "type": "ShapeNot", "shapeExpr": { "type": "Shape",  } }
    ] } ] }
                                                               
IRI AND
(
  @<http://schema.example/#IssueShape>
  OR NOT {  }
)

In this ShapeOr's shapeExprs, "http://schema.example/#IssueShape" is a reference to the shape expression with the id "http://schema.example/#IssueShape".

5.3.2 Semantics

satisfies: The expression satisfies(n, se, G, Sch, t) indicates that a node n and a graph G satisfy a shape expression se with typing t for schema Sch.
notSatisfies: Conversely, notSatisfies(n, se, G, Sch, t) indicates that n and G do not satisfy se with the given typing t.

satisfies(n, se, G,Sch, t) is true if and only if:

Given the three shape expressions SE1, SE2, SE3 in a Schema Sch, such that:

  • satisfies(n, SE1, G, Sch, m)
  • satisfies(n, SE2, G, Sch, m)
  • notSatisfies(n, SE3, G, Sch, m)

the following hold:

  • satisfies(
    n,
    { "type": "ShapeAnd", "shapeExprs": [ SE1, SE2 ] }
    ,
    G, Sch, m)
  • satisfies(
    n,
    { "type": "ShapeOr", "shapeExprs": [ SE1, SE2, SE3 ] }
    ,
    G, Sch, m)
  • notSatisfies(
    n,
    { "type": "ShapeNot", "shapeExpr": {
        { "type": "ShapeOr", "shapeExprs": [
            SE1,
            { "type": "ShapeAnd", "shapeExprs": [ SE2, SE3 ] }
          ] }
      } }
    ,
    G, Sch, m)

If Sch's shapes maps "http://schema.example/#shape1" to SE1 then the following holds:

  • satisfies(
    n,
    http://schema.example/#shape1"
    ,
    G, Sch, m)

5.4 Node Constraints

NodeConstraint {id:shapeExprLabel? nodeKind:("iri" | "bnode" | "nonliteral" | "literal")? datatype:IRIREF? xsFacet* values:[valueSetValue+]? }
xsFacet =stringFacet | numericFacet ;
stringFacet =(length|minlength|maxlength):INTEGER | pattern:STRING flags:STRING? ;
numericFacet =(mininclusive|minexclusive|maxinclusive|maxexclusive):numericLiteral
|(totaldigits|fractiondigits):INTEGER ;
numericLiteral =INTEGER | DECIMAL | DOUBLE ;
valueSetValue=objectValue | IriStem | IriStemRange | LiteralStem | LiteralStemRange | Language | LanguageStem | LanguageStemRange ;
objectValue=IRIREF | ObjectLiteral ;
ObjectLiteral{value:STRING language:STRING? type:STRING? }
IriStem{stem:IRIREF }
IriStemRange{stem:(IRIREF | Wildcard) exclusions:[IRIREF|IriStem +] }
LiteralStem{stem:STRING }
LiteralStemRange{stem:(STRING | Wildcard) exclusions:[STRING|LiteralStem +] }
Language{languageTag:LANGTAG }
LanguageStem{stem:LANGTAG }
LanguageStemRange{stem:(LANGTAG | Wildcard) exclusions:[LANGTAG|LanguageStem +] }
Wildcard {/* empty */ }

5.4.1 Semantics

For a node n and constraint nc, satisfies2(n, nc) if and only if for every nodeKind, datatype, xsFacet and values constraint value v present in nc nodeSatisfies(n, v). The following sections define nodeSatisfies for each of these types of constraints:

5.4.2 Node Kind Constraints

For a node n and constraint value v, nodeSatisfies(n, v) if:

Node Kind example 1

The following examples use a TripleConstraint object described later in the document. The

{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#IssueShape",
    "type": "Shape", "expression": {
      "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "http://schema.example/#state",
      "valueExpr": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "nodeKind": "iri" } } } ] }
                                                                              
    ex:IssueShape {
      ex:state IRI
    }
 
<issue1> ex:state ex:HunkyDory .
<issue2> ex:taste ex:GoodEnough .
<issue3> ex:state "just fine" .
nodeshaperesultreason
<issue1><IssueShape>pass
<issue2><IssueShape>failexpected 1 ex:state property.
<issue3><IssueShape>failex:state expected to be an IRI, literal found.

Note that <issue2> fails not because of a nodeKind violation but instead because of a Cardinality violation described below.

5.4.3 Datatype Constraints

For a node n and constraint value v, nodeSatisfies(n, v) if n is an Literal with the datatype v and, if v is in the set of SPARQL operand data types[sparql11-query], an XML schema string with a value of the lexical form of n can be cast to the target type v per XPath Functions 3.1 section 19 Casting[xpath-functions]. The lexical form and numeric value (where applicable) of all datatypes required by SPARQL XPath Constructor Functions MUST be tested for conformance with the corresponding XML Schema form. ShEx extensions MAY add support for other datatypes.

Datatype example 1
{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#IssueShape",
    "type": "Shape", "expression": {
      "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "http://schema.example/#submittedOn",
      "valueExpr": {
        "type": "NodeConstraint",
        "datatype": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date"
      } } } ] }
                                                                                    
    ex:IssueShape {                                                          
      ex:submittedOn xsd:date
    }

    
    
 
<issue1> ex:submittedOn "2016-07-08"^^xsd:date .
<issue2> ex:submittedOn "2016-07-08T01:23:45Z"^^xsd:dateTime .
<issue3> ex:submittedOn "2016-07"^^xsd:date .
nodeshaperesultreason
<issue1><IssueShape>pass
<issue2><IssueShape>failex:submittedOn expected to be an xsd:date, xsd:dateTime found.
<issue3><IssueShape>fail2016-07 is not a valid xsd:date.
Note

In RDF 1.1, language-tagged strings[rdf11-concepts] have the datatype http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#langString.

RDF 1.0 included RDF literals with no datatype or language tag. These are called "simple literals" in SPARQL11[sparql11-query]. In RDF 1.1, these literals have the datatype http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string.

Datatype example 2
{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#IssueShape",
    "type": "Shape", "expression": {
      "type": "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label",
      "valueExpr": {
        "type": "NodeConstraint",
        "datatype": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#langString"
      } } } ] }
                                                                           
  ex:IssueShape {
    rdfs:label rdf:langString
  }




 
<issue3> rdfs:label "emits dense black smoke"@en .
<issue4> rdfs:label "unexpected odor" .
nodeshaperesultreason
<issue3><IssueShape>pass
<issue4><IssueShape>failrdfs:label expected to be an rdf:langString, xsd:string found.

5.4.4 XML Schema String Facet Constraints

String facet constraints apply to the lexical form of the RDF Literals and IRIs and blank node identifiers (see note below regarding access to blank node identifiers).
Let lex =

Let len = the number of unicode codepoints in lex
For a node n and constraint value v, nodeSatisfies(n, v):

  • for "length" constraints, v = len,
  • for "minlength" constraints, v >= len,
  • for "maxlength" constraints, v <= len,
  • for "pattern" constraints, v is unescaped into a valid XPath 3.1 regular expression[xpath-functions-31] re and invoking fn:matches(lex, re) returns fn:true. If the flags parameter is present, it is passed as a third argument to fn:matches. The pattern may have XPath 3.1 regular expression escape sequences per the modified production [10] in section 5.6.1.1 as well as numeric escape sequences of the form 'u' HEX HEX HEX HEX or 'U' HEX HEX HEX HEX HEX HEX HEX HEX. Unescaping replaces numeric escape sequences with the corresponding unicode codepoint.
String Facets example 1
{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#IssueShape",
    "type": "Shape", "expression": {
      "type": "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate": "http://schema.example/#submittedBy",
      "valueExpr": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "minlength": 10 } } } ] }
                                                                        
  ex:IssueShape {
    ex:submittedBy MINLENGTH 10
  }

 
<issue1> ex:submittedBy <http://a.example/bob> . # 20 characters
<issue2> ex:submittedBy "Bob" . # 3 characters
nodeshaperesultreason
<issue1><IssueShape>pass
<issue2><IssueShape>failex:submittedBy expected to be >= 10 characters,
3 characters found.
Note

Access to blank node identifiers may be impossible or unadvisable for many use cases. For instance, the SPARQL Query and SPARQL Update languages treat blank nodes in the query, labeled or otherwise, as variables. Lexical constraints on blank node identifiers can only be implemented in systems which preserve such labels on data import.

String Facets example 2
{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#IssueShape",
    "type": "Shape", "expression": {
      "type": "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate": "http://schema.example/#submittedBy",
      "valueExpr": { "type": "NodeConstraint",
                     "pattern": "genuser[0-9]+", "flags": "i" }
} } ] }
                                                               
  ex:IssueShape {
    ex:submittedBy /genuser[0-9]+/i
  }



 
<issue6> ex:submittedBy _:genUser218 .
<issue7> ex:submittedBy _:genContact817 .
nodeshaperesultreason
<issue6><IssueShape>pass
<issue7><IssueShape>fail_:genContact817 expected to match genuser[0-9]+.

When expressed as JSON strings, regular expressions are subject to the JSON string escaping rules.

String Facets example 3
{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#ProductShape",
    "type": "Shape", "expression": {
      "type": "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate": "http://schema.example/#trademark",
      "valueExpr": { "type": "NodeConstraint",
                     "pattern": "^/\\t\\\\\uD835\uDCB8\\?$" }
} } ] }
                                                             
  ex:ProductShape {
    ex:trademark /^\/\t\\\U0001D4B8\?$/
  }



 
<product6> ex:trademark "	\\𝒸?" .
<product7> ex:trademark "\t\\\U0001D4B8?" . # Turtle literals have escape characters [tbnrf"'\].
<product8> ex:trademark "\t\\\\U0001D4B8?" .
nodeshaperesultreason
<product6><ProductShape>pass
<product7><ProductShape>pass
<product8><ProductShape>failfound "\U0001D4B8" instead of "𝒸" (codepoint U+1D4B8).

5.4.5 XML Schema Numeric Facet Constraints

Numeric facet constraints apply to the numeric value of RDF Literals with datatypes listed in SPARQL 1.1 Operand Data Types[sparql11-query]. Numeric constraints on non-numeric values fail. totaldigits and fractiondigits constraints on values not derived from xsd:decimal fail.

Let num be the numeric value of n.
For a node n and constraint value v, nodeSatisfies(n, v):

  • for "mininclusive" constraints, v <= num,
  • for "minexclusive" constraints, v < num,
  • for "maxinclusive" constraints, v >= num,
  • for "maxexclusive" constraints, v > num,
  • for "totaldigits" constraints, v is less than or equals the number of digits in the XML Schema canonical form[xmlschema-2] of the value of n,
  • for "fractiondigits" constraints, v is less than or equals the number of digits to the right of the decimal place in the XML Schema canonical form[xmlschema-2] of the value of n, ignoring trailing zeros.

The operators <=, <, >= and > are evaluated after performing numeric type promotion[xpath20].

Numeric Facets example 1
{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#IssueShape",
    "type": "Shape", "expression": {
      "type": "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate": "http://schema.example/#confirmations",
      "valueExpr": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "mininclusive": 1 } } } ] }
                                                                          
  ex:IssueShape {
    ex:confirmations MININCLUSIVE 1
  }

 
<issue1> ex:confirmations 1 .
<issue2> ex:confirmations 2^^xsd:byte .
<issue3> ex:confirmations 0 .
<issue4> ex:confirmations "ii"^^ex:romanNumeral .
nodeshaperesultreason
<issue1><IssueShape>pass
<issue2><IssueShape>pass
<issue3><IssueShape>fail0 is less than 1.
<issue4><IssueShape>failex:romanNumeral is not a numeric datatype.

5.4.6 Values Constraint

The nodeSatisfies semantics for NodeConstraint values depends on a nodeIn function defined below.

For a node n and constraint value v, nodeSatisfies(n, v) if n matches some valueSetValue vsv in v. A term matches a valueSetValue if:

nodeIn: asserts that an RDF node n is equal to an RDF term s or is in a set defined by a IriStem, LiteralStem or LanguageStem.
The expression nodeIn(n, s) is satisfied if:

Values Constraint example 1

NoActionIssueShape requires a state of Resolved or Rejected:

{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#NoActionIssueShape",
    "type": "Shape", "expression": {
      "type": "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate": "http://schema.example/#state",
      "valueExpr": {
        "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [
          "http://schema.example/#Resolved",
          "http://schema.example/#Rejected" ] } } } ] }
                                                       
  ex:NoActionIssueShape {
    ex:state [ ex:Resolved ex:Rejected ]
  }




 
<issue1> ex:state ex:Resolved .
<issue2> ex:state ex:Unresolved .
nodeshaperesultreason
<issue1><NoActionIssueShape>pass
<issue2><NoActionIssueShape>failex:state expected to be ex:Resolved or ex:Rejected, ex:Unresolved found.
Values Constraint example 2

An employee must have an email address that is the string "N/A" or starts with "engineering-" or "sales-" but not "sales-contacts" or "sales-interns":

{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#EmployeeShape",
    "type": "Shape", "expression": {
      "type": "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/mbox",
      "valueExpr": {
        "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [
          {"value": "N/A"},
          { "type": "IriStem", "stem": "mailto:engineering-" },
          { "type": "IriStemRange", "stem": "mailto:sales-", "exclusions": [
              { "type": "IriStem", "stem": "mailto:sales-contacts" },
              { "type": "IriStem", "stem": "mailto:sales-interns" }
            ] }
        ] } } } ] }
                                                                            
  ex:EmployeeShape {
    foaf:mbox [ "N/A"
                <mailto:engineering->~
                <mailto:sales->~
                    - <mailto:sales-contacts>~
                    - <mailto:sales-interns>~ ]
  }





 
<issue3> foaf:mbox "N/A" .
<issue4> foaf:mbox <mailto:engineering-2112@a.example> .
<issue5> foaf:mbox <mailto:sales-835@a.example> .
<issue6> foaf:mbox "missing" .
<issue7> foaf:mbox <mailto:sales-contacts-999@a.example> .
nodeshaperesultreason
<issue3><EmployeeShape>pass
<issue4><EmployeeShape>pass
<issue5><EmployeeShape>pass
<issue6><EmployeeShape>fail"missing" is not in value set.
<issue7><EmployeeShape>fail<mailto:sales-contacts-999@a.example> is excluded.
Values Constraint example 3

An employee must not have an email address that starts with "engineering-" or "sales-":

{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#EmployeeShape",
    "type": "Shape", "expression": {
      "type": "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/mbox",
      "valueExpr": {
        "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [
          { "type": "IriStemRange", "stem": {"type": "Wildcard"},
            "exclusions": [
              { "type": "IriStem", "stem": "mailto:engineering-" },
              { "type": "IriStem", "stem": "mailto:sales-" }
            ] }
        ] } } } ] }
                                                                   
  ex:EmployeeShape {
    foaf:mbox [ . - <mailto:engineering->~ - <mailto:sales->~ ]
  }








 
<issue8> foaf:mbox 123 .
<issue9> foaf:mbox <mailto:core-engineering-2112@a.example> .
<issue10> foaf:mbox <mailto:engineering-2112@a.example> .
nodeshaperesultreason
<issue8><EmployeeShape>pass
<issue9><EmployeeShape>pass
<issue10><EmployeeShape>fail<mailto:engineering-2112@a.example> is excluded.

A value set can have a single value in it. This is used to indicate that a specific value is required, e.g. that an ex:state must be equal to <http://schema.example/#Resolved> or the rdf:type of some node must be foaf:Person.

5.5 Shapes and Triple Expressions

Triple expressions are used for defining patterns composed of triple constraints. Shapes associate triple expressions with flags indicating whether triples match if they do not correspond to triple constraints in the triple expression. A triple expression is composed of TripleConstraint and tripleExprRef objects composed with grouping and choice operators.

5.5.1 JSON Syntax

Shape {id:shapeExprLabel? closed:BOOL? extra:[IRIREF+]? expression:tripleExpr? semActs:[SemAct+]? annotations:[Annotation+]? }
tripleExpr =EachOf | OneOf | TripleConstraint | tripleExprRef ;
EachOf {id:tripleExprLabel? expressions:[tripleExpr{2,}] min:INTEGER? max:INTEGER? semActs:[SemAct+]? annotations:[Annotation+]? }
OneOf {id:tripleExprLabel? expressions:[tripleExpr{2,}] min:INTEGER? max:INTEGER? semActs:[SemAct+]? annotations:[Annotation+]? }
TripleConstraint {id:tripleExprLabel? inverse:BOOL? predicate:IRIREF valueExpr:shapeExpr? min:INTEGER? max:INTEGER? semActs:[SemAct+]? annotations:[Annotation+]? }
tripleExprRef =tripleExprLabel ;
tripleExprLabel =IRIREF | BNODE ;

5.5.2 Semantics

The semantics of the matchesShape function are based on the matches function defined below. For a node n, shape S, graph G, a ShExSchema Sch, and typing m, matchesShape(n, S, G, Sch, m) if and only if:

  • neigh(G, n) can be partitioned into two sets matched and remainder such that matches(matched, expression, m). If expression is absent, remainder = neigh(G, n).
    Let outs be the arcsOut in remainder: outs = remainderarcsOut(G, n).
    Let matchables be the triples in outs whose predicate appears in a TripleConstraint in expression. If expression is absent, matchables = Ø (the empty set).
    The complexity of partitioning is described briefly in the ShEx2 Primer.
  • There is no triple in matchables which matches a TripleConstraint in expression.
    Let unmatchables be the triples in outs which are not in matchables. matchablesunmatchables = outs.
  • There is no triple in matchables whose predicate does not appear in extra.
  • closed is false or unmatchables is empty.

matches: asserts that a triple expression is matched by a set of triples that come from the neighbourhood of a node in an RDF graph. The expression matches(T, expr, m) indicates that a set of triples T can satisfy these rules:

  • expr has semActs and matches(T, expr, m) by the remaining rules in this list and the evaluation of semActs succeeds according to the section below on Semantic Actions.

    matches(
    T,
    { "type": "OneOf", "shapeExprs": [te1, te2, …], "min": 2, "max": 3,     
      "semActs": [SemAct1, SemAct2, …] }
    (te1 | te2) {2,3}                                                     
            %<SemAct1>% %<SemAct2>% …
    ,
    m)
    evaluates as:
    matches(
    T,
    { "type": "OneOf", "shapeExprs": [te1, te2, …], "min": 2, "max": 3 }     
    (te1 | te2) {2,3}                                                      
    ,
    m)
    and semActsSatisfied([SemAct1, SemAct2, …])
  • expr has a cardinality of min and/or max not equal to 1, where a max of -1 is treated as unbounded, and T can be partitioned into k subsets T1, T2,…Tk such that min ≤ k ≤ max and for each Tn, matches(Tn, expr, m) by the remaining rules in this list.

    matches(
    T,
    { "type": "OneOf", "shapeExprs": [te1, te2, …], "min": 2, "max": 3 }     
    (te1 | te2) {2,3}                                                      
    ,
    m)
    evaluates as:
    Let e = 
    { "type": "OneOf", "shapeExprs": [te1, te2, …] }     
    (te1 | te2)                                        
    (matches(T1, e, m) and matches(T2, e, m)
     and T = T1 ∪ T2)
    or
    (matches(T1, e, m) and matches(T2, e, m) and matches(T3, e, m)
     and T = T1 ∪ T2 ∪ T3)
  • expr is a OneOf and there is some shape expression se2 in shapeExprs such that matches(T, se2, m).

    matches(
    T,
    { "type": "OneOf", "shapeExprs": [
      { "type": "EachOf", "shapeExprs": [te3, te4, …] },
      { "type": "TripleExpression", "min": 1, "max": -1,
        "predicate": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name" }
    ] }
                                                        
      (te3 ; te4 ; …)
      | <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> . +
    
     
    ,
    m)
    evaluates as:
    matches(
    T,
    { "type": "EachOf", "shapeExprs": [te3, te4, …] }     
    te3 ; te4 ; …                                         
    ,
    m)
    or matches(
    T,
    { "type": "TripleExpression", "min": 1, "max": -1,     
        "predicate": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name" }
    <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> . +                   
     
    ,
    m)
  • expr is an EachOf and there is some partition of T into T1, T2,… such that for every expression expr1, expr2,… in shapeExprs, matches(Tn, exprn, m).

    matches(
    T,
    { "type": "EachOf", "shapeExprs": [
      { "type": "TripleExpression",
        "predicate": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/givenName" },
      { "type": "TripleExpression",
        "predicate": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/familyName" }
    ] }
                                                             
    <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/givenName> . ;
    
    <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/familyName> .
    
     
    ,
    m)
    evaluates as:
    matches(
    T1,
    { "type": "TripleExpression",
        "predicate": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/givenName" }
    <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/givenName> .                 
     
    ,
    m)
    and matches(
    T2,
    { "type": "TripleExpression",
        "predicate": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/familyName" }
    <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/familyName> .                 
     
    ,
    m)
    and T = T1 ∪ T2
  • expr is a TripleConstraint and:

    • T is a set of one triple.
      Let t be the sole triple in T.
    • t's predicate equals expr's predicate.
      Let value be t's subject if inverse is true, else t's object.
    • if inverse is true, t is in arcsIn, else t is in arcsOut.
    • either
      • expr has no valueExpr

        matches(
        T,
        { "type": "TripleExpression",
          "predicate": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/givenName" }
        <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/givenName> . ;             
         
        ,
        m)
        holds if
        • T has exactly one triple t.
        • t has the predicate "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/givenName"
      • or satisfies(value, valueExpr, G, Sch, m).

        matches(
        T,
        { "type": "TripleConstraint", "inverse": true,
          "predicate": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/author",
          "valueExpr": "http://schema.example/#IssueShape" }
                                                                
        ^<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/author>
                @<http://schema.example/#IssueShape>
        ,
        m)
        holds if
        • T has exactly one triple t.
        • t has the predicate "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/author"
        • t has a subject n2
        • The schema's shapes maps "http://schema.example/#IssueShape" to se2
        • satisfies(n2, se2, G, Sch, m)
  • expr is a tripleExprRef and satisfies(value, tripleExprWithId(tripleExprRef), G, Sch, Sch, m).
    The tripleExprWithId function is defined in Triple Expression Reference Requirement below.

    For the schema
    { "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
      { "id": "http://schema.example/#EmployeeShape",
        "type": "Shape", "expression": {
          "type": "EachOf", "expressions": [
            "http://schema.example/#nameExpr",
            { "type": "TripleConstraint",
              "predicate": "http://schema.example/#empID",
              "valueExpr": { "type": "NodeConstraint",
                "datatype": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer" } } ] } },
      { "id": "http://schema.example/#PersonShape",
        "type": "Shape", "expression": {
          "id": "http://schema.example/#nameExpr",
          "type": "TripleConstraint",
          "predicate": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name" } } ] }
                                                                                 
    <http://schema.example/#EmployeeShape> {
        &<http://schema.example/#nameExpr> ;
        <http://schema.example/#empID>
              <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer>
    
    
    
    }
    <http://schema.example/#PersonShape> {
    
      $<http://schema.example/#nameExpr>
        <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> . ;
    }
    matches(
    T,
    "http://schema.example/#PersonShape"
    ,
    m)
    holds if
    • The schema has a shape se2 with the id "http://schema.example/#PersonShape"
    • satisfies(n, se2, G, Sch, m)

5.6 ShEx Import

The presence of imports requires that:

If any imported schema imports other schemas, shape and triple expression labels from those schemas are also in scope.

Import example 1 - Shape and Triple Expressions
schema1:
{ "type": "Schema", "imports": ["http://schema.example/schema2"], "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#EmployeeShape",
    "type": "Shape", "expression": {
      "type": "EachOf", "expressions": [
        "http://schema.example/#nameExpr",
        { "type": "TripleConstraint",
          "predicate": "http://schema.example/#empID",
          "valueExpr": { "type": "NodeConstraint",
            "datatype": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer" } } ] } } ] }
schema2:
{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#PersonShape",
    "type": "Shape", "expression": {
      "id": "http://schema.example/#nameExpr",
      "type": "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name" } } ] }
schema1:                                                                        
<http://schema.example/#EmployeeShape> {
    &<http://schema.example/#nameExpr> ;
    <http://schema.example/#empID>
          <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer>




}
schema2:
<http://schema.example/#PersonShape> {

  $<http://schema.example/#nameExpr>
    <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> ;
}
 

Both the shape expression <PersonShape> and the triple expression <nameExpr> are in scope.
schema2's <nameExpr> is referenced in schema1's <EmployeeShape>

Redundant imports are treated as a single import. This includes circular imports:

Import example 2 - Circular Import
schema1:
{ "type": "Schema",
  "imports": ["http://schema.example/schema2", "http://schema.example/schema3"],
  "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/schema1#S1",
    "type": "Shape", "expression": {
      "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "http://schema.example/#p1",
      "valueExpr": "http://schema.example/schema1#S2"
    } } ] }
schema2:
{ "type": "Schema",
  "imports": ["http://schema.example/schema3"],
  "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/schema1#S2",
    "type": "Shape", "expression": {
      "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "http://schema.example/#p2",
      "valueExpr": "http://schema.example/schema1#S3"
    } } ] }
schema3:
{ "type": "Schema",
  "imports": ["http://schema.example/schema1"],
  "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/schema1#S3",
    "type": "Shape", "expression": {
      "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "http://schema.example/#p3",
      "valueExpr": "http://schema.example/schema1#S1", "min": 0,
    } } ] }
schema1:                                                                        

IMPORT <http://schema.example/schema2> <http://schema.example/schema3>

<http://schema.example/schema1#S1> {

  <http://schema.example/#p1> @<http://schema.example/schema1#S2>


schema2:

IMPORT <http://schema.example/schema3>

<http://schema.example/schema1#S2> {

  <http://schema.example/#p2> @<http://schema.example/schema1#S3>


schema3:

IMPORT <http://schema.example/schema1>

<http://schema.example/schema1#S3> {

  <http://schema.example/#p3> @<http://schema.example/schema1#S1>?

 

When some schema A imports schema B, B's start member is ignored.

Import example 3 - Ignored Start In Import
schema1:
{ "type": "Schema",
  "imports": ["http://schema.example/schema2"],
  "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/schema1#S1",
    "type": "Shape", "expression": {
      "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "http://schema.example/#p1",
      "valueExpr": "http://schema.example/schema1#S2"
    } } ] }
schema2:
{ "type": "Schema",
  "start": "http://schema.example/schema1#S2",
  "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/schema1#S2",
    "type": "Shape", "expression": {
      "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "http://schema.example/#p2"
    } } ] }
schema1:                                                                   

IMPORT <http://schema.example/schema2>

<http://schema.example/schema1#S1> {

  <http://schema.example/#p1> @<http://schema.example/schema1#S2>

}
schema2:

start=@<http://schema.example/schema1#S2>

<http://schema.example/schema1#S2> {

  <http://schema.example/#p2> .
}

schema1 has no start even though it imports a schema with a start.

It is an error if A and B share any labels for shape expressions or triple expressions or if schema B has a startActs member.

Import example 4 - Erroneous Import
schema1:
{ "type": "Schema",
  "imports": ["http://schema.example/schema2"],
  "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/schema1#S1",
    "type": "Shape", "expression": {
      "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "http://schema.example/#p1",
      "valueExpr": "http://schema.example/schema1#S2"
    } } ] }
schema2:
{ "type": "Schema",
"startActs": [ { "type": "semAct",
                 "name": "http://schema.example/schema1#A1" } ],
  "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/schema1#S1",
    "type": "Shape", "expression": {
      "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "http://schema.example/#p1",
      "valueExpr": "http://schema.example/schema1#S2"
    } },
  { "id": "http://schema.example/schema1#S2",
    "type": "Shape", "expression": {
      "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "http://schema.example/#p2",
      "valueExpr": "http://schema.example/schema1#S3"
    } } ] }
schema1:                                                                   

IMPORT <http://schema.example/schema2>

<http://schema.example/schema1#S1> {

  <http://schema.example/#p1> @<http://schema.example/schema1#S2>

}
schema2:

%@<http://schema.example/schema1#A1>%


<http://schema.example/schema1#S1> {

  <http://schema.example/#p1> @<http://schema.example/schema1#S2>

}
<http://schema.example/schema1#S2> {

  <http://schema.example/#p2> @<http://schema.example/schema1#S3>

}

This import fails because:

  • <http://schema.example/schema1#S1> has conflicting definitions and
  • an included schema has a start directive and
  • the reference to <http://schema.example/schema1#S3> is not resolvable after imports.

5.7 Schema Requirements

The semantics defined above assume three structural requirements beyond those imposed by the grammar of the abstract syntax. These ensure referential integrity and eliminate logical paradoxes such as those that arrise through the use of negation. These are not constraints expressed by the schema but instead those imposed on the schema.

5.7.1 Schema Validation Requirement

A graph G is said to conform with a schema S with a ShapeMap m when:

  1. Every, SemAct in the startActs of S has a successful evaluation of semActsSatisfied.
  2. Every node n in m conforms to its associated shapeExprRefs sen where for each shapeExprRef sei in sen:
    1. sei references a ShapeExpr in shapes, and
    2. satisfies(n, sei, G, Sch, m) for each shape sei in sen.

5.7.2 Shape Expression Reference Requirement

A shapeExprRef MUST appear in the schema's shapes map (or an imported schema's map) and the corresponding shape expression MUST be a Shape with a shapeExpr. The function shapeExprWithId(shapeExprRef) returns the shape expression with an id of shapeExprRef.

Additionally, a shapeExprLabel cannot refer to itself through a shape reference either directly or recursively. The shapeExprRef closure of a shape expression se is the set of shape expression labels used as references in se. The shapeExprLabel sl belongs to shapeExprRefClosure(se) if and only if:

  • sl appears as an atomic shapeExprRef in se, or
  • sl belongs to shapeExprRefClosure(shapeExprWithId(sl2)) for some shapeExprLabel sl2 that belongs to shapeExprRefClosure(se).

A shapes schema MUST NOT define a shape label sl that belongs to the shapeExprRef closure of its definition shapeExprWithId(sl).

Following are two valid shapeExprRefs:

{"type" : "Schema",
  "shapes" : [ {
    "id" : "http://schema.example/#PersonShape",
    "type" : "Shape",
    "expression" : {
      "type" : "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate" : "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name"
    }
  }, {
    "id" : "http://schema.example/#EmployeeShape",
    "type" : "ShapeAnd",
    "shapeExprs" : [ "http://schema.example/#PersonShape", {
      "type" : "Shape",
      "expression" : {
        "type" : "TripleConstraint",
        "predicate" : "http://schema.example/#employeeNumber"
      }
    } ]
  } ]
}
                                                             

    ex:PersonShape {



      foaf:name .
    }

    ex:EmployeeShape

      @ex:PersonShape AND {



        ex:employeeNumber .
      }


 
{"type" : "Schema",
  "shapes" : [ {
    "id" : "http://schema.example/#PersonShape",
    "type" : "Shape",
    "expression" : {
      "type" : "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate" : "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name"
    }
  }, {
    "id" : "http://schema.example/#EmployeeShape",
    "type" : "Shape",
    "expression" : {
      "type" : "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate" : "http://schema.example/#dependent",
      "valueExpr" : "http://schema.example/#PersonShape",
      "min" : 0,
      "max" : -1
    }
  } ]
}
                                                         

    ex:PersonShape {



      foaf:name .
    }

    ex:EmployeeShape {



      ex:dependent
        @ex:PersonShape
          *

    }

 

This shapeExprRef is invalid because there is no corresponding shape expression:

{ "type":"Schema", "shapes": [
    { "id": "http://schema.example/#S1",
      "type":"Shape", "expression":
        "http://schema.example/#MissingShapeExpr"
} ] }
                                                 
ex:S1 {

  &ex:MissingShapeExpr
}

This shapeExprRef is invalid because the referenced object is a triple expression instead of a shape expression:

{"type" : "Schema",
  "shapes" : [ {
    "id" : "http://schema.example/#CustomerShape",
    "type" : "Shape",
    "expression" : {
      "id" : "http://schema.example/#discountExpr",
      "type" : "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate" : "http://schema.example/#discount"
    }
  }, {
    "id" : "http://schema.example/#EmployeeShape",
    "type" : "Shape",
    "expression" : {
      "type" : "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate" : "http://schema.example/#contactFor",
      "valueExpr" : "http://schema.example/#discountExpr"
    }
  } ]
}
                                                         

    ex:CustomerShape {


      $ex:discountExpr

        ex:discount .
    }

    ex:EmployeeShape {



      ex:contactFor
        @ex:discountExpr
    }

 

These shapeExprRefs are invalid because they recursively refer to each other.

{"type" : "Schema",
  "shapes" : [ {
    "id" : "http://schema.example/#PersonShape",
    "type" : "ShapeAnd",
    "shapeExprs" : [ "http://schema.example/#EmployeeShape", {
      "type" : "Shape",
      "expression" : {
        "type" : "TripleConstraint",
        "predicate" : "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name"
      }
    } ]
  }, {
    "id" : "http://schema.example/#EmployeeShape",
    "type" : "ShapeAnd",
    "shapeExprs" : [ "http://schema.example/#PersonShape", {
      "type" : "Shape",
      "expression" : {
        "type" : "TripleConstraint",
        "predicate" : "http://schema.example/#employeeNumber"
      }
    } ]
  } ] }
                                                              

    ex:PersonShape

      @ex:EmployeeShape AND {



        foaf:name .
      }


    ex:EmployeeShape

      @ex:PersonShape AND {



        ex:employeeNumber .
    }

 

5.7.3 Triple Expression Reference Requirement

An tripleExprRef MUST identify a triple expression in the schema. The function tripleExprWithId(tripleExprRef) returns the triple expression with the id tripleExprRef.

Additionally, a tripleExprLabel cannot refer to itself through a triple expression reference either directly or recursively. The tripleExprRef closure of a triple expression te is the set of triple expression labels used as references in te. The tripleExprLabel tl belongs to tripleExprRefClosure(te) if and only if:

  • tl appears as an atomic tripleExprRef in te, or
  • tl belongs to tripleExprRefClosure(tripleExprWithId(tl2)) for some tripleExprLabel tl2 that belongs to tripleExprRefClosure(te).

A shapes schema MUST NOT define a triple expression label tl that belongs to the tripleExprRef closure of its definition tripleExprWithId(tl).

Following is a valid triple expression reference:

{ "type":"Schema", "shapes": [
    { "id": "http://schema.example/#PersonShape",
      "type":"Shape", "expression": {
        "id": "http://schema.example/#nameExpr",
        "type": "TripleConstraint",
        "predicate": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name"
      } },
    { "id": "http://schema.example/#EmployeeShape",
      "type":"Shape", "expression": { "type":"EachOf", "expressions": [
        "http://schema.example/#nameExpr",
        { "type": "TripleConstraint",
          "predicate": "http://schema.example/#employeeNumber" }
] } } ] }
                                                                       
    ex:PersonShape {
      $ex:nameExpr foaf:name .
    }



    ex:EmployeeShape {
      &ex:nameExpr ;
      ex:employeeNumber .
    }

 

This triple expression reference is invalid because there is no corresponding triple expression:

{ "type":"Schema", "shapes": [
    { "id": "http://schema.example/#S1",
      "type":"Shape", "expression":
        "http://schema.example/#missingTripleExpr"
} ] }
                                                  
    ex:S1 {
      &ex:missingTripleExpr
    }
 

This triple expression reference is invalid because the referenced object is a shape expression instead of a triple expression:

{ "type":"Schema", "shapes": [
    { "id": "http://schema.example/#CustomerShape",
      "type":"ShapeAnd", "shapeExprs": [  ]
    },
    { "id": "http://schema.example/#PreferredCustomerShape",
      "type":"Shape", "expression": { "type":"EachOf", "expressions": [
        "http://schema.example/#CustomerShape",
        { "type": "TripleConstraint",
          "predicate": "http://schema.example/#discount" }
] } } ] }
                                                                       
    ex:CustomerShape {
      ; 
    }
    ex:PreferredCustomerShape {
      &ex:CustomerShape ;
      ex:discount .
    }

 

5.7.4 Negation Requirement

A schema MUST NOT contain any Shape that has a negated reference to itself, either directly or transitively. This is formalized by the requirement that the dependency graph of a schema MUST NOT have a cycle that traverses some negated reference.

The set of atomic shapes of a shapeExpr se contains a Shape s if s or its id appears either directly or by shapeExprRef in se. That is, s belongs to atomicShapes(se) if and only if

  • s appears as an atomic shape in se, or
  • sid is the id of s and sid appears as an atomic shapeExprRef in se, or
  • s belongs to atomicShapes(se2) for some shape expression se2 such that the id of se2 belongs to the shapeExprRefClosure of se.

The set of atomic triple constraints of a tripleExpr te includes every TripleConstraint tc that appears directly or by tripleExprRef in te. That is, tc belongs to atomicTripleConstraints(te) if and only if:

The Shape s1 has a reference to the Shape s2 if

  • s1.expression is present, and
  • there is a triple constraint tc that belongs to atomicTripleConstraints(s1.expression), and
  • tc.valueExpr is present, and
  • s2 belongs to atomicShapes(tc.valueExpr).

The reference from s1 to s2 is a negated reference if

  • s2 appears under an odd number of ShapeNot in the shapeExprRef closure of tc.valueExpr, or
  • tc has predicate p and s1 has extra p.

The dependency graph of the schema Sch is the graph which vertices are all the Shapes that appear in some shape expression in the shapes of Sch, and that has two kinds of edges: negative and positive. There is a negative edge from s1 to s2 if s1 has a negated reference to s2. There is a positive edge from s1 to s2 if s1 has a reference but not a negated reference to s2.

Examples with ShapeNot

This negated self-reference violates the negation requirement.

{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
    { "id": "http://schema.example/#S",
      "type": "Shape",
      "expression": { "type": "TripleConstraint",
        "predicate": "http://schema.example/#p",
        "valueExpr": { "type": "ShapeNot",
          "shapeExpr": "http://schema.example/#S" } } }
  ] }
                                                       
ex:S {ex:p NOT @ex:S}





 

This indirect self-reference does not violate the negation requirement.

{ "type": "Schema",
  "shapes": [
    { "id": "http://schema.example/#US",
      "type": "Shape",
      "expression": { "type": "TripleConstraint",
        "predicate": "http://schema.example/#Up",
        "valueExpr": { "type": "ShapeNot",
          "shapeExpr": "http://schema.example/#UT" } } },
    { "id": "http://schema.example/#UT",
      "type": "Shape",
      "expression": { "type": "TripleConstraint",
        "predicate": "http://schema.example/#Uq",
        "valueExpr": "http://schema.example/#US" } }
  ] }
                                                         
ex:US {ex:Up NOT @ex:UT} 






ex:UT { ex:Uq @ex:US} 




 

This negated, indirect self-reference violates the negation requirement.

{"type" : "Schema",
  "shapes" : [ {
    "id" : "http://schema.example/#S",
    "type" : "Shape",
    "expression" : {
      "type" : "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate" : "http://schema.example/#p",
      "valueExpr" : {
        "type" : "ShapeNot",
        "shapeExpr" : "http://schema.example/#T"
      }
    }
  } , {
    "id" : "http://schema.example/#T",
    "type" : "Shape",
    "expression" : {
      "type" : "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate" : "http://schema.example/#q",
      "valueExpr" : "http://schema.example/#S"
    }
  } ] }
                                                

    ex:S {



      ex:p 

        NOT
          @ex:T
    } 


    ex:T {



      ex:q
        @ex:S
    } 
 

This is a direct, negated self-reference of the shape with id ex:T and violates the negation requirement.

{"type" : "Schema",
  "shapes" : [ {
    "id" : "http://schema.example/#T",
    "type" : "Shape",
    "expression" : {
      "type" : "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate" : "http://schema.example/#p",
      "valueExpr" : "http://schema.example/#S"
    }
  } , {
    "id" : "http://schema.example/#S",
    "type" : "ShapeAnd",
    "shapeExprs" : [ {
      "type" : "ShapeNot",
      "shapeExpr" : "http://schema.example/#T"
    }, "http://schema.example/#U" ]
  }, {
    "id" : "http://schema.example/#U",
    "type" : "Shape"
  } ] }
                                               

    ex:T {



      ex:p
        @ex:S
    }

    ex:S


     (NOT
        @ex:T)
     AND @ex:U

     ex:U .

 

This doubly-negated self-reference of ex:T does not violate the negation requirement.

{"type" : "Schema",
  "shapes" : [{
    "id" : "http://schema.example/#T",
    "type" : "Shape",
    "expression" : {
      "type" : "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate" : "http://schema.example/#p",
      "valueExpr" : "http://schema.example/#S"
    }
  } , {
    "id" : "http://schema.example/#S",
    "type" : "ShapeNot",
    "shapeExpr" : {
      "type" : "ShapeAnd",
      "shapeExprs" : [ {
        "type" : "ShapeNot",
        "shapeExpr" : "http://schema.example/#T"
      }, "http://schema.example/#U" ]
    }
  }, {
    "id" : "http://schema.example/#U",
    "type" : "Shape"
  } ] }
                                                

    ex:T {



      ex:p
        @ex:S
    }

    ex:S
      NOT


                     (
                       (NOT
                          @ex:T)
                       AND @ex:U )


    ex:U .

 

There is a cycle of negated references between the shape that defines ex:T and the shape that defines ex:U, so the negation requirement is violated.

{"type" : "Schema",
  "shapes" : [{
    "id" : "http://schema.example/#T",
    "type" : "Shape",
    "expression" : {
      "type" : "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate" : "http://schema.example/#p",
      "valueExpr" : {
        "type" : "ShapeNot",
        "shapeExpr" : "http://schema.example/#S"
      }
    }
  } , {
    "id" : "http://schema.example/#U",
    "type" : "Shape",
    "expression" : {
      "type" : "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate" : "http://schema.example/#q",
      "valueExpr" : "http://schema.example/#S"
    }
  }, {
    "id" : "http://schema.example/#S",
    "type" : "ShapeAnd",
    "shapeExprs" : [ {
      "type" : "ShapeNot",
      "shapeExpr" : "http://schema.example/#T"
    }, "http://schema.example/#U" ]
  } ] }
                                                

    ex:T {



      ex:p

        NOT
          @ex:S
    }


    ex:U {



      ex:q
        @ex:S
    }

    ex:S


      (NOT
         @ex:T)
      AND @ex:U
 

This satisfies the negation requirement, as ex:U does not refer to ex:T (compared to the previous example).

{"type" : "Schema",
  "shapes" : [{
    "id" : "http://schema.example/#T",
    "type" : "Shape",
    "expression" : {
      "type" : "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate" : "http://schema.example/#p",
      "valueExpr" : {
        "type" : "ShapeNot",
        "shapeExpr" : "http://schema.example/#S"
      }
    }
  } , {
    "id" : "http://schema.example/#U",
    "type" : "Shape",
    "expression" : {
      "type" : "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate" : "http://schema.example/#q"
    }
  }, {
    "id" : "http://schema.example/#S",
    "type" : "ShapeAnd",
    "shapeExprs" : [ {
      "type" : "ShapeNot",
      "shapeExpr" : "http://schema.example/#T"
    }, "http://schema.example/#U" ]
  } ] }
                                                

    ex:T {



      ex:p
        NOT

          @ex:S
    }


    ex:U {



      ex:q .
    }

    ex:S


      (NOT
         @ex:T)
    AND @ex:U
 

Examples with Shape.extra predicate

This self-reference on a predicate designated as extra violates the negation requirement:

{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
    { "id": "http://schema.example/#S",
      "type": "Shape",
      "extra": [ "http://schema.example/#p" ], "expression":
      { "type": "TripleConstraint",
        "predicate": "http://schema.example/#p",
        "valueExpr": "http://schema.example/#S"
} } ] }
                                                            
  ex:S EXTRA ex:p {
    ex:p @ex:S
  }



 

The same shape with a negated self-reference still violates the negation requirement because the reference occurs with a ShapeNot:

{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
    { "id": "http://schema.example/#S",
      "type": "Shape",
      "extra": [ "http://schema.example/#p" ],
      "expression": {
        "type": "TripleConstraint",
        "predicate": "http://schema.example/#p",
        "valueExpr": {
          "type": "ShapeNot", "shapeExpr": "http://schema.example/#S"
} } } ] }
                                                                     
    ex:S EXTRA ex:p {
      ex:p NOT @ex:S
    }





 

5.8 Semantic Actions

Semantic actions serve as an extension point for Shape Expressions. They appear in lists in Schema's startActs and Shape, OneOf, EachOf and TripleConstraint's semActs.

A semantic action is a tuple of an identifier and some optional code:

SemAct{name:IRIREF code:STRING? }

5.8.1 Semantics

The evaluation semActsSatisfied on a list of SemActs returns success or failure. The evaluation of an individual SemAct is implementation-dependent.

5.8.2 Use - informative

A practical evaluation of a SemAct will provide access to some context. For instance, the http://shex.io/extensions/Test/ extension requires access to the subject, predicate and object of a triple matching a TripleConstraint. These are used in a print function.

Semantic Actions example 1
{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
    { "id": "http://schema.example/#S1",
      "type": "Shape", "expression": {
        "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "http://schema.example/#p1",
        "min": 1, "max": -1,
        "semActs": [
          { "type": "SemAct", "code": " print(s) ",
            "name": "http://shex.io/extensions/Test/" },
          { "type": "SemAct", "code": " print(o) ",
            "name": "http://shex.io/extensions/Test/" } ] } } ] }
                                                                             
    ex:S1 {
      ex:p1 .+ %Test:{ print(s) %} %Test:{ print(o) %}
    }





 
<http://a.example/n1> <http://a.example/p1> <http://a.example/o1> .
<http://a.example/n2> <http://a.example/p1> "a", "b" .
<http://a.example/n3> <http://a.example/p2> <http://a.example/o2> .
nodeshaperesultprint arguments
<n1><S1>passhttp://a.example/s1
http://a.example/o1
<n2><S1>passhttp://a.example/s1
"a"
http://a.example/s1
"b"
<n3><S1>fail

5.9 Annotations

Annotations provide a format-independent way to provide additional information about elements in a schema. They appear in lists in Shape, OneOf, EachOf and TripleConstraint's annotations.

Annotation{predicate:IRIREF object:objectValue }

5.9.1 Semantics - informative

Annotations do not affect whether a node conforms to some shape. Because they are part of the structure of the schema, they can be parsed in one ShEx format and emitted in that format or another.

Annotations example 1
{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
    { "id": "http://schema.example/#IssueShape",
      "type": "Shape", "expression": {
        "type": "TripleConstraint",
        "predicate": "http://schema.example/#status",
        "annotations": [
           { "type": "Annotation",
             "predicate": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment",
             "object": {"value": "Represents reported software issues."} },
           { "type": "Annotation",
             "predicate": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label",
             "object": {"value": "software issue"} } ] } } ] }
                                                                           
    ex:IssueShape {
      ex:status .
          // rdfs:comment "Represents reported software issues."
          // rdfs:label "software issue"
    }





 

5.10 Validation Examples

The following examples demonstrate proofs for validations in the form of a nested list of invocations of the evaluation functions defined above.

5.10.1 Simple Examples

Schema:
S1

nc1
{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
    { "id": "http://schema.example/#IntConstraint",
      "type": "NodeConstraint",
      "datatype": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer"
    } ] }
                                                            
ex:IntConstraint

      xsd:integer
 

Here the shape identified by http://schema.example/#IntConstraint is a shape expression consisting of a single NodeConstraint. Per Shape Expression Semantics, "30"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> satisfies IntConstraint.

This document uses this nested tree convention to indicate that the dependency of an evaluation on those nested inside it. Nesting is expressed as indentation. Here, the evaluation of satisfies NodeConstraint ("30"^^xsd:integer, S1, G, m) depends on satisfies2 NodeConstraint ("30"^^xsd:integer, S1).

Validate "30"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> as IntConstraint:

Validating a shape requires evaluating it's triple expression as well as the variables and functions neigh(G, n), matched, remainder, outs, matchables and unmatchables:

Schema:
S1
tc1
{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#UserShape",
    "type": "Shape", "expression":
    { "type": "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate": "http://schema.example/#shoeSize"
      } } ] }
                                                    

  ex:UserShape {
    ex:shoeSize .
  }
 
Data:
t1
BASE <http://a.example/>
PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
<Alice> ex:shoeSize "30"^^xsd:integer .
Validate <Alice> as http://schema.example/#UserShape:
  • G = [t1] The graph G consists of one triple.
  • satisfies Shape (<Alice>, S1, G, m)
    • neigh(G, <Alice>) = [t1] /* The neighborhood around <Alice> consists of one triple. */
    • matched = [t1] /* That triple is matched in the nested evaluation. */
    • remainder = Ø /* The remainder is the empty set. */
    • matches TripleConstraint ([t1], tc1, m)
    • outs = [t1] /* There is one arc out. */
    • matchables = Ø /* There are no remaining arcs out of <Alice> with predicates appearing in tc1. */
    • unmatchables = Ø /* There are no other arcs out of <Alice>. */
    • closed is false /* The Shape's closed paramater has a value of false. */

It is quite common that Shapes will constrain their nested TripleConstraints with NodeConstraints. Here is an example including that, extra triples and a closed shape:

Schema:
S1
tc1



nc1
{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#UserShape",
    "type": "Shape",
    "extra": ["http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type"],
    "expression": {
      "type": "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type",
      "valueExpr":
      { "type": "NodeConstraint",
        "values": ["http://schema.example/#Teacher"]
      } } } ] }
                                                                     

  ex:UserShape EXTRA a {
    a




      [ex:Teacher]
  }
 
Data:
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
BASE <http://a.example/>
PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
<Alice> ex:shoeSize "30"^^xsd:integer .
<Alice> a ex:Teacher .
<Alice> a ex:Person .
<SomeHat> ex:owner <Alice> .
<TheMoon> ex:madeOf <GreenCheese> .
Validate <Alice> as http://schema.example/#UserShape:

The non-empty matchables is permitted because the triple t3 has a predicate which appears in the "extra" list: ["http://schema.example/#Teacher"].

5.10.2 Disjunction Example

Schema:

S1
te1
tc1


nc1
te2
tc2


nc2
tc3


nc3
{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#UserShape",
    "type": "Shape", "expression":
     {"type": "OneOf", "expressions": [
        { "type": "TripleConstraint",
          "predicate": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name",
          "valueExpr":
            { "type": "NodeConstraint", "nodeKind": "literal" } },
        { "type": "EachOf", "expressions": [
            { "type": "TripleConstraint", "min": 1, "max": -1 ,
              "predicate": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/givenName",
              "valueExpr":
                { "type": "NodeConstraint", "nodeKind": "literal" } },
            { "type": "TripleConstraint",
              "predicate": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/familyName",
              "valueExpr":
                { "type": "NodeConstraint", "nodeKind": "literal" } }
        ] }
     ] }
 } ] }
                                                                      
ex:UserShape
  {
   (              # extra ()s to clarify alignment with ShExJ
    foaf:name


            LITERAL |
    (             # extra ()s to clarify alignment with ShExJ
     foaf:givenName


             LITERAL+ ;
     foaf:familyName


             LITERAL
    )
   )
  }
Data:
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
BASE <http://a.example/>
PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
<Alice> foaf:givenName "Alice" .
<Alice> foaf:givenName "Malsenior" .
<Alice> foaf:familyName "Walker" .
<Alice> foaf:mbox <mailto:alice@example.com> .
<Bob> foaf:knows <Alice> .
<Bob> foaf:mbox <mailto:bob@example.com> .

Per Shape Expression Semantics, <Alice> satisfies S1 with the simple ShapeMap

m:
{ "http://a.example/Alice": "http://a.example/UserShape }

as seen in this validation.

Validate <Alice> as http://schema.example/#UserShape:

Replacing triples 1-3 with a single foaf:name property will also satisfy the schema.

Data:
t4
t5
t6
t7
BASE <http://a.example/>
PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
<Alice> foaf:mbox <mailto:alice@example.com> .
<Bob> foaf:knows <Alice> .
<Bob> foaf:mbox <mailto:bob@example.com> .
<Alice> foaf:name "Alice Malsenior Walker" .
Validate <Alice> as http://schema.example/#UserShape:

Any mixure of foaf:name with foaf:givenName or foaf:familyName will fail to satisfy the schema as there will be a matchable triple t3 that's not used in the triple expression te1.

Data:
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7
BASE <http://a.example/>
PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
<Alice> foaf:familyName "Walker" .
<Alice> foaf:mbox <mailto:alice@example.com> .
<Bob> foaf:knows <Alice> .
<Bob> foaf:mbox <mailto:bob@example.com> .
<Alice> foaf:name "Alice Malsenior Walker" .
Validate <Alice> as http://schema.example/#UserShape:

Adding a foaf:familyName to S1's extra would allow this graph to satisfy the schema.

S1
{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#UserShape",
    "type": "Shape", "extra": ["http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/familyName"] …
   } ] }

Closing S1 would also cause a validation failure if unmatchables were not empty:

S1
{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#UserShape",
    "type": "Shape", "closed": true …
   } ] }
  • G = [t4,t5,t6,t7]
  • satisfies Shape (<Alice>, S1, G, m)
    • unmatchables = [t5], closed is true

5.10.3 Dependent Shape Example

Schema:
S1
tc1


nc1

S2
tc2



nc2
{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#IssueShape",
    "type": "Shape", "expression":
    { "type": "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate": "http://schema.example/#reproducedBy",
      "valueExpr":
      "http://schema.example/#TesterShape" } },
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#TesterShape",
    "type": "Shape", "expression":
    { "type": "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate": "http://schema.example/#role",
      "valueExpr":
      { "type": "NodeConstraint",
        "values": [ "http://schema.example/#testingRole" ] } } }
  ] }
                                                                
ex:IssueShape
  {

    ex:reproducedBy

     @ex:TesterShape }
ex:TesterShape
 {

    ex:role

     [ex:testingRole] }

 
Data:
t1
t2
PREFIX ex: <http://schema.example/#>
PREFIX inst: <http://inst.example/>
inst:Issue1 ex:reproducedBy inst:Tester2 .
inst:Tester2 ex:role ex:testingRole .

inst:Issue1 satisfies S1 with the ShapeMap

m:
{ "http://inst.example/Issue1": "http://schema.example/#IssueShape",
  "http://inst.example/Tester2": "http://schema.example/#TesterShape",
  "http://inst.example/Testgrammer23": "http://schema.example/#ProgrammerShape" }
Validate inst:Issue1 as http://schema.example/#IssueShape:

as seen in this evaluation:

5.10.4 Recursion Example

Schema:
S1
tc1


nc1
{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#IssueShape",
    "type": "Shape", "expression":
    { "type": "TripleConstraint", "min": 0, "max": -1,
      "predicate": "http://schema.example/#related",
      "valueExpr":
      "http://schema.example/#IssueShape"
    } } ] }
                                                      
  ex:IssueShape {


    ex:related

      @ex:IssueShape*
}
Data:
t1
t2
t3
PREFIX ex: <http://schema.example/#>
PREFIX inst: <http://inst.example/>
inst:Issue1 ex:related inst:Issue2 .
inst:Issue2 ex:related inst:Issue3 .
inst:Issue3 ex:related inst:Issue1 .

inst:Issue1 satisfies S1 with the ShapeMap

m:
{ "http://inst.example/Issue1": "http://schema.example/#IssueShape",
  "http://inst.example/Issue2": "http://schema.example/#IssueShape",
  "http://inst.example/Issue3": "http://schema.example/#IssueShape" }
Validate inst:Issue1 as http://schema.example/#IssueShape:

as seen in this evaluation:

5.10.5 Simple Repeated Property Examples

Schema:
S1
te1
tc1


nc1

tc2


nc2
{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
    { "id": "http://schema.example/#TestResultsShape",
      "type": "Shape", "expression": {
        "type": "EachOf", "expressions": [
          { "type": "TripleConstraint", "min": 1, "max": -1,
            "predicate": "http://schema.example/#val",
            "valueExpr":
            { "type": "NodeConstraint",
              "values": [ {"value": "a"}, {"value": "b"}, {"value": "c"} ] } },
          { "type": "TripleConstraint", "min": 1, "max": -1,
            "predicate": "http://schema.example/#val",
            "valueExpr":
            { "type": "NodeConstraint",
              "values": [ {"value": "b"}, {"value": "c"}, {"value": "d"} ] } }
        ] } } ] }
                                                                               
            <http://schema.example/#TestResultsShape>
{


                         <http://schema.example/#val>


                         ["a" "b" "c"]+ ;

                         <http://schema.example/#val>


                         ["b" "c" "d"]+
}
Data:
t1
t2
t3
t4
BASE <http://a.example/>
PREFIX ex: <http://schema.example/#>
<s> ex:val "a" .
<s> ex:val "b" .
<s> ex:val "c" .
<s> ex:val "d" .

<s> satisfies S1 with:

m:
{ "http://a.example/s": "http://a.example/S1 }
Validate <s> as http://schema.example/#TestResultShape:

If tc1 consumes as many triples as it can, it consumes three and tc2 consumes one:

If we eliminate t4, either t2 or t3 must be allocated to tc2:

5.10.6 Repeated Property With Dependent Shapes Example

Schema:
S1
te1

tc1

nc1

tc2

nc2

S2

tc3


nc3

S3

tc4


nc4
{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#IssueShape",
    "type": "Shape", "expression":
    { "type": "EachOf", "expressions": [
        { "type": "TripleConstraint",
          "predicate": "http://schema.example/#reproducedBy",
          "valueExpr":
          "http://schema.example/#TesterShape" },
        { "type": "TripleConstraint",
          "predicate": "http://schema.example/#reproducedBy",
          "valueExpr":
          "http://schema.example/#ProgrammerShape" }
      ] } },
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#TesterShape",
    "type": "Shape", "expression":
    { "type": "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate": "http://schema.example/#role",
      "valueExpr":
      { "type": "NodeConstraint",
        "values": [ "http://schema.example/#testingRole" ] } } },
  { "id": "http://schema.example/#ProgrammerShape",
    "type": "Shape", "expression":
    { "type": "TripleConstraint",
      "predicate": "http://schema.example/#department",
      "valueExpr":
      { "type": "NodeConstraint",
        "values": [ "http://schema.example/#ProgrammingDepartment" ] } } }
  ] }
                                                                          
ex:IssueShape {



  ex:reproducedBy

    @ex:TesterShape;

  ex:reproducedBy

    @ex:ProgrammerShape
}
ex:TesterShape {


  ex:role

    [ex:testingRole]
}
ex:ProgrammerShape {


  ex:department

    [ex:ProgrammingDepartment]
}
 
Data:
t1
t2


t3


t4
t5
PREFIX ex: <http://schema.example/#>
PREFIX inst: <http://inst.example/>
inst:Issue1
  ex:reproducedBy inst:Tester2 ;
  ex:reproducedBy inst:Testgrammer23 .

inst:Tester2              
  ex:role ex:testingRole .

inst:Testgrammer23                        
  ex:role ex:testingRole ;                
  ex:department ex:ProgrammingDepartment .

inst:Issue1 satisfies S1 with the ShapeMap

m:
{ "http://inst.example/Issue1": "http://schema.example/#IssueShape",
  "http://inst.example/Tester2": "http://schema.example/#TesterShape",
  "http://inst.example/Testgrammer23": "http://schema.example/#ProgrammerShape" }
Validate inst:Issue1 as http://schema.example/#IssueShape:

as seen in this evaluation:

5.10.7 Negation Example

Setting the maximum cardinality of a TripleConstraint with predicate p to zero (i.e. "max": 0 in ShExJ or {0} or {0, 0} in ShExC) asserts that matching nodes must have no triples with predicate p.

Schema:
S1
te1
tc1


nc1

tc2
{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": [
    { "id": "http://schema.example/#TestResultsShape",
      "type": "Shape", "expression": {
        "type": "EachOf", "expressions": [
          { "type": "TripleConstraint", "min": 1, "max": -1,
            "predicate": "http://schema.example/#p1",
            "valueExpr":
            { "type": "NodeConstraint",
              "values": [ {"value": "a"}, {"value": "b"} ] } },
          { "type": "TripleConstraint", "min": 1, "max": -1,
            "predicate": "http://schema.example/#p2", "min": 0, "max": 0 }
        ] } } ] }
                                                                          
            <http://schema.example/#TestResultsShape>
{


                         <http://schema.example/#p1>


                         ["a" "b"] + ;

                         <http://schema.example/#p2> . {0}
}
Data:
t1
BASE <http://a.example/>
PREFIX ex: <http://schema.example/#>
<s> ex:p1 "a" .

<s> satisfies S1 with:

m:
{ "http://a.example/s": "http://a.example/S1" }
Validate <s> as http://schema.example/#TestResultShape:

This is trivially satisfied by tc1 consuming one triple and tc2 consuming none:

If we add a t2 which matches tc2:

Data:
t1
t2
BASE <http://a.example/>
PREFIX ex: <http://schema.example/#>
<s> ex:p1 "a" .
<s> ex:p2 5 .

every partition fails, either because matchables is non-empty or because the maximum cardinality on tc2 is exceeded:

6. ShEx Compact syntax (ShExC)

The ShEx Compact Syntax expresses ShEx schemas in a compact, human-friendly form. Parsing ShExC transforms a ShExC document into an equivalent ShExJ structure. This is defined as a BNF which accepts ShExC followed by instructions for tranlating the rules in the BNF production into their corresponding ShExJ objects. For example, "shapeExprDecl returns shapeExpression" indicates that the result of matching the shapeExprDecl production is the object produced by parsing the shapeExpression production.

Semantic actions before the first shape expression declaration are startActs. After the first shape expression declaration, semantic actions are associated with the previous declaration.

Below is the ShExC grammar following the notation in the XML specification[XML]:
[1]    shexDoc    ::=    directive* ((notStartAction | startActions) statement*)?
followed by the associated ShExJ object(s):
Schema{ startActs:[SemAct+]? start:shapeExpr? imports:[IRIREF+]? shapes:[shapeExpr+]? }
and a description of the mapping of rules in the production to elements of the ShExJ object:
[2]    directive    ::=    baseDecl | prefixDecl | importDecl
[3]    baseDecl    ::=    "BASE" IRIREF
[4]    prefixDecl    ::=    "PREFIX" PNAME_NS IRIREF
[]    importDecl    ::=    "IMPORT" IRIREF
"IMPORT" is described in ShEx Import.
[5]    notStartAction    ::=    start | shapeExprDecl
[6]    start    ::=    "start" '=' inlineShapeExpression
[7]    startActions    ::=    codeDecl+
[8]    statement    ::=    directive | notStartAction
[9]    shapeExprDecl    ::=    shapeExprLabel (shapeExpression | "EXTERNAL")
If the "EXTERNAL" keyword is present, shapeExprDecl returns a ShapeExternal object:
ShapeExternal{id:shapeExprLabel? }
otherwise shapeExprDecl returns shapeExpression.

Shape expressions are logical combinations of shape atoms. Inline variants of shape expressions are used in tripleConstraints and are not permitted to have annotations or semantic actions.

[10]    shapeExpression    ::=    shapeOr
[11]    inlineShapeExpression    ::=    inlineShapeOr
[12]    shapeOr    ::=    shapeAnd ("OR" shapeAnd)*
[13]    inlineShapeOr    ::=    inlineShapeAnd ("OR" inlineShapeAnd)*
If the right shapeAnd matches one or more times, the result is a ShapeOr object with shapeExprs containing the first shapeAnd followed by the ordered list from the second shapeAnd:
ShapeOr{id:shapeExprLabel? shapeExprs:[shapeExpr{2,}] }
otherwise the result is the left shapeAnd.
[14]    shapeAnd    ::=    shapeNot ("AND" shapeNot)*
[15]    inlineShapeAnd    ::=    inlineShapeNot ("AND" inlineShapeNot)*
If the right shapeNot matches one or more times, the result is a ShapeAnd object with shapeExprs containing the first shapeNot followed by the ordered list from the second shapeNot:
ShapeAnd{id:shapeExprLabel? shapeExprs:[shapeExpr{2,}] }
otherwise the result is the left shapeNot.
[16]    shapeNot    ::=    "NOT"? shapeAtom
[17]    inlineShapeNot    ::=    "NOT"? inlineShapeAtom
If the left "NOT" matches, the result is a ShapeNot object with shapeExpr containing the shapeAtom:
ShapeNot{id:shapeExprLabel? shapeExpr:shapeExpr }
otherwise the result is the shapeAtom.

Shape atoms are shape references (indicated by "@"), definitions, or nested expressions.

[18]    shapeAtom    ::=       nonLitNodeConstraint shapeOrRef?
| litNodeConstraint
| shapeOrRef nonLitNodeConstraint?
| '(' shapeExpression ')'
| '.'
[19]    shapeAtomNoRef    ::=       nonLitNodeConstraint shapeOrRef?
| litNodeConstraint
| shapeDefinition nonLitNodeConstraint?
| '(' shapeExpression ')'
| '.'
[20]    inlineShapeAtom    ::=       nonLitNodeConstraint inlineShapeOrRef?
| litNodeConstraint
| inlineShapeOrRef nonLitNodeConstraint?
| '(' shapeExpression ')'
| '.'
[21]    shapeOrRef    ::=       shapeDefinition | shapeRef
[22]    inlineShapeOrRef    ::=       inlineShapeDefinition | shapeRef
[23]    shapeRef    ::=       ATPNAME_LN | ATPNAME_NS | '@' shapeExprLabel
shapeExprRef = shapeExprLabel ;

Node constraints identify a (possibly infinite) set of matching RDF nodes.

[24]    litNodeConstraint    ::=       "LITERAL" xsFacet*
| datatype xsFacet*
| valueSet xsFacet*
| numericFacet+
[25]    nonLitNodeConstraint    ::=       nonLiteralKind stringFacet*
| stringFacet+
NodeConstraint{id:shapeExprLabel? nodeKind:("iri" | "bnode" | "nonliteral" | "literal")? datatype:IRIREF? xsFacet* values:[valueSetValue+]? }
[26]    nonLiteralKind    ::=    "IRI" | "BNODE" | "NONLITERAL"
[27]    xsFacet    ::=    stringFacet | numericFacet
xsFacet=stringFacet | numericFacet ;
[28]    stringFacet    ::=       stringLength INTEGER
| REGEXP
[29]    stringLength    ::=    "LENGTH" | "MINLENGTH" | "MAXLENGTH"
stringFacet=(length|minlength|maxlength):INTEGER | pattern:STRING flags:STRING? ;
[30]    numericFacet    ::=       numericRange numericLiteral
| numericLength INTEGER
[31]    numericRange    ::=    "MININCLUSIVE" | "MINEXCLUSIVE" | "MAXINCLUSIVE" | "MAXEXCLUSIVE"
[32]    numericLength    ::=    "TOTALDIGITS" | "FRACTIONDIGITS"
numericFacet=(mininclusive|minexclusive|maxinclusive|maxexclusive):numericLiteral | (totaldigits|fractiondigits):INTEGER ;

Shape defintions associate a triple expression with a closed flag and a list of partially constrained (extra) predicates. Any predicate appearing in a triple expression is fully constrained unless it appears in the list of extras.

[33]    shapeDefinition    ::=    (extraPropertySet | "CLOSED")* '{' tripleExpression? '}' annotation* semanticActions
[34]    inlineShapeDefinition    ::=    (extraPropertySet | "CLOSED")* '{' tripleExpression? '}'
Shape{ id:shapeExprLabel? closed:BOOL? extra:[IRIREF+]? expression:tripleExpr? semActs:[SemAct+]? annotations:[Annotation+]? }
  • closed is true if the "CLOSED" choice was matched one or more times.
  • extra is the set of IRIs matching the extraPropertySet production.
  • expression comes from the tripleExpression production.
  • annotations is the set of Annotations matching the annotation production.
  • semActs is the set of semantic actions matching the semanticActions production.
[35]    extraPropertySet    ::=    "EXTRA" predicate+

Triple expressions are arrangements of triple constraints.

[36]    tripleExpression    ::=    oneOfTripleExpr
[37]    oneOfTripleExpr    ::=    groupTripleExpr | multiElementOneOf
[38]    multiElementOneOf    ::=    groupTripleExpr ('|' groupTripleExpr)+
If the right groupTripleExpr matches one or more times, the result is a OneOf object with expressions containing the first groupTripleExpr followed by the ordered list from the second groupTripleExpr:
OneOf {id:tripleExprLabel? expressions:[tripleExpr{2,}] min:INTEGER? max:INTEGER? semActs:[SemAct+]? annotations:[Annotation+]? }
otherwise the result is the left groupTripleExpr.
[40]    groupTripleExpr    ::=    singleElementGroup | multiElementGroup
[41]    singleElementGroup    ::=    unaryTripleExpr ';'?
[42]    multiElementGroup    ::=    unaryTripleExpr (';' unaryTripleExpr)+ ';'?
If the right unaryTripleExpr matches one or more times, the result is a EachOf object with expressions containing the first unaryTripleExpr followed by the ordered list from the second unaryTripleExpr:
EachOf {id:tripleExprLabel? expressions:[tripleExpr{2,}] min:INTEGER? max:INTEGER? semActs:[SemAct+]? annotations:[Annotation+]? }
otherwise the result is the left unaryTripleExpr.
[43]    unaryTripleExpr    ::=       ('$' tripleExprLabel)? (tripleConstraint | bracketedTripleExpr)
| include
[44]    bracketedTripleExpr    ::=    '(' tripleExpression ')' cardinality? annotation* semanticActions

Triple constraints are matched against RDF triples.

[45]    tripleConstraint    ::=    senseFlags? predicate inlineShapeExpression cardinality? annotation* semanticActions
TripleConstraint{id:tripleExprLabel? inverse:BOOL? predicate:IRIREF valueExpr:shapeExpr? min:INTEGER? max:INTEGER? semActs:[SemAct+]? annotations:[Annotation+]? }
[46]    cardinality    ::=    '*' | '+' | '?' | REPEAT_RANGE
In ShExJ, "*" is represented as -1, standing for the unbounded cardinality..
[47]    senseFlags    ::=    '^'

Value sets identify ranges of RDF nodes by explicit inclusion or by range (indicated by "~"). Ranges may include exclusions, which may also be ranges but must not in turn contain exclusions. A valueSetValue may be an objectValue or one of IriStem, IriStemRange, LiteralStem, LiteralStemRange, LanguageStem, LanguageStemRange, .

[48]    valueSet    ::=    '[' valueSetValue* ']'
[49]    valueSetValue    ::=    iriRange | literalRange | languageRange
| exclusion+
If "." matches and exclusion matches one or more times, all matched items must be consistently iri, literal, or language. valueSetValue returns either a IriStemRange, LiteralStemRange, or LanguageStemRange object with exclusions equal to the set of results of exclusion:
IriStemRange{stem:(IRIREF | Wildcard) exclusions:[IRIREF|IriStem +] }
LiteralStemRange{stem:(STRING | Wildcard) exclusions:[STRING|LiteralStem +] }
LanguageStemRange{stem:(LANGTAG | Wildcard) exclusions:[LANGTAG|LanguageStem +] }
If "~" matches with no exclusion, valueSetValue returns a Wildcard object:
Wildcard{/* empty */ }
[50]    exclusion    ::=    '.' '-' (iri | literal | LANGTAG) '~'?
[51]    iriRange    ::=       iri ('~' exclusion*)?
If iri matches with no "~", iriRange returns iri.
If iri and "~" match with no iriExclusion, iriRange returns a IriStem object:
IriStem{stem:IRIREF }
If iri and "~" match and iriExclusion matches one or more times, iriRange returns a IriStemRange object with exclusions equal to the set of results of iriExclusion:
IriStemRange{stem:(IRIREF | Wildcard) exclusions:[IRIREF|IriStem +] }
[52]    iriExclusion    ::=    '-' iri '~'?
[53]    literalRange    ::=       literal ('~' literalExclusion*)?
If literal matches with no "~", literalRange returns literal.
If literal and "~" match with no literalExclusion, literalRange returns a LiteralStem object:
LiteralStem{stem:STRING }
If literal and "~" match and literalExclusion matches one or more times, literalRange returns a LiteralStemRange object with exclusions equal to the set of results of literalExclusion:
LiteralStemRange{stem:(STRING | Wildcard) exclusions:[STRING|LiteralStem +] }
[54]    literalExclusion    ::=    '-' literal '~'?
[55]    languageRange    ::=       LANGTAG ('~' languageExclusion*)?
| '@' '~' languageExclusion*
If LANGTAG matches with no "~" match , languageRange returns a Language object with languageTag equal to LANGTAG:
Language{languageTag:LANGTAG }
If LANGTAG and "~" match with no languageExclusion, languageRange returns a LanguageStem object:
LanguageStem{stem:LANGTAG }
If LANGTAG and "~" match and languageExclusion matches one or more times, languageRange returns a LanguageStemRange object with exclusions equal to the set of results of languageExclusion:
LanguageStemRange{stem:(LANGTAG | Wildcard) exclusions:[LANGTAG|LanguageStem +] }
If '@' '~' matched with no languageExclusion, languageRange returns a LanguageStemRange object with an empty stem:
LanguageStemRange{stem: "" }
If '@' '~' matched and languageExclusion matches one or more times, languageRange returns a LanguageStemRange object with an empty stem ad exclusions equal to the set of results of languageExclusion:
LanguageStemRange{stem: "" exclusions:[LANGTAG|LanguageStem +] }
[56]    languageExclusion    ::=    '-' LANGTAG '~'?

Triple expressions can include the shapeExpression in a shapeExprDecl.

[57]    include    ::=    '&' tripleExprLabel
Per the triple expression refrence requirement, tripleExprLabel property MUST appear in the schema's shapes map and the corresponding triple expression MUST be a Shape with a tripleExpr.
tripleExprRef=tripleExprLabel ;

Triple expressions can include annotations in the form of a tuple of a predicate and an iri or literal.

[58]    annotation    ::=    "//" predicate (iri | literal)
Annotation{predicate:IRIREF object:objectValue }

Triple expressions can include semantic actions consisting of an iri and an optional code string.

[59]    semanticActions    ::=    codeDecl*
[60]    codeDecl    ::=    '%' iri (CODE | '%')
SemAct{name:IRIREF code:STRING? }

The remaining productions come from the specifications for SPARQL and Turtle.

[13t]    literal    ::=    rdfLiteral | numericLiteral | booleanLiteral
[61]    predicate    ::=    iri | RDF_TYPE
[62]    datatype    ::=    iri
[63]    shapeExprLabel    ::=    iri | blankNode
[64]    tripleExprLabel    ::=    iri | blankNode
[16t]    numericLiteral    ::=    INTEGER | DECIMAL | DOUBLE
[65]    rdfLiteral    ::=    langString | string ("^^" datatype)?
returns: literal The literal has a lexical form of the first rule argument, String. If the '^^' iri rule matched, the datatype is iri and the literal has no language tag. If the langString rule matched, the datatype is rdf:langString and the language tag is extracted from langTag. If neither matched, the datatype is xsd:string and the literal has no language tag.
[134s]    booleanLiteral    ::=    "true" | "false"
returns: literal The literal has a lexical form of the true or false, depending on which matched the input, and a datatype of xsd:boolean.
[135s]    string    ::=       STRING_LITERAL1 | STRING_LITERAL_LONG1
| STRING_LITERAL2 | STRING_LITERAL_LONG2
[66]    langString    ::=       LANG_STRING_LITERAL1 | LANG_STRING_LITERAL_LONG1
| LANG_STRING_LITERAL2 | LANG_STRING_LITERAL_LONG2
[136s]    iri    ::=    IRIREF | prefixedName
[137s]    prefixedName    ::=    PNAME_LN | PNAME_NS
[138s]    blankNode    ::=    BLANK_NODE_LABEL

Terminals

Terminals return:

[67]    <CODE>    ::=    "{" ([^%\\] | "\\" [%\\] | UCHAR)* "%" "}"
returns: a string of unicode codepointsThe characters between "{" and "%}" are taken, with the numeric escape sequences unescaped, to form the unicode string of the IRI.
[68]    <REPEAT_RANGE>    ::=    "{" INTEGER ( "," (INTEGER | "*")? )? "}"
returns: repeat rangeThe base-10 numeric values of INTEGER are taken or a non-negative integer and an * token if "*" was matched.
[69]    <RDF_TYPE>    ::=    "a"
returns: IRI The iri http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns# is returned.
[18t]    <IRIREF>    ::=    "<" ([^#0000- <>\"{}|^`\\] | UCHAR)* ">"
returns: IRIThe characters between "<" and ">" are taken, with the numeric escape sequences unescaped, to form the unicode string of the IRI. Relative IRI resolution is performed per Turtle Section 6.3.
[140s]    <PNAME_NS>    ::=    PN_PREFIX? ":"
returns: PREFIX When used in a prefixDecl production, the prefix is a potentially empty unicode string matching the first argument of the rule and serves as a key into the prefixes map.
returns: IRI When used elsewhere, the iri is the value in the prefixes map corresponding to the first argument of the rule.
[141s]    <PNAME_LN>    ::=    PNAME_NS PN_LOCAL
returns: IRI A potentially empty prefix is identified by the first token, PNAME_NS. The prefixes map MUST have a corresponding namespace. The unicode string of the IRI is formed by unescaping the reserved characters [rfc7159] in the second argument, PN_LOCAL, and concatenating this onto the namespace.
[70]    <ATPNAME_NS>    ::=    "@" PNAME_NS
returns: IRI The iri is the value in the prefixes map corresponding to the second token of the rule.
[71]    <ATPNAME_LN>    ::=    "@" PNAME_LN
returns: IRI A potentially empty prefix is identified by the second token, PNAME_NS. The prefixes map MUST have a corresponding namespace. The unicode string of the IRI is formed by unescaping the reserved characters [rfc7159] in the third token, PN_LOCAL, and concatenating this onto the namespace.
[72]    <REGEXP>    ::=    '/' ([^/\\\n\r]
     | '\\' [nrt\\|.?*+(){}$-\[\]^/]
     | UCHAR
    )+ '/' [smix]*
{pattern:STRING flags:STRING? }
returns: JSON objectpattern is a unicode string formed from the characters between the outermost '/'s by unescaping matches of '\\' '/' in the terminal pattern as well as the numeric escape sequences matched by UCHAR. The remaining escape sequences are included verbatim in pattern, e.g.
^\/\t\\\U0001D4B8$
would become
^/\t\\\U0001D4B8$
.
flags is a sequence of the characters [smix] if any were matched. Otherwise no flags attribute is returned.
[142s]    <BLANK_NODE_LABEL>    ::=    "_:" (PN_CHARS_U | [0-9]) ((PN_CHARS | ".")* PN_CHARS)?
returns: blank nodeThe characters following the "_:" form a blank node identifier. This corresponds to any blank node in the input dataset that had the same label.
[145s]    <LANGTAG>    ::=    "@" ([a-zA-Z])+ ("-" ([a-zA-Z0-9])+)*
returns: language tagThe characters following the @ form the unicode string of the language tag.
[19t]    <INTEGER>    ::=    [+-]? [0-9]+
returns: literal The literal has a lexical form of the input string, and a datatype of xsd:integer.
[20t]    <DECIMAL>    ::=    [+-]? [0-9]* "." [0-9]+
returns: literal The literal has a lexical form of the input string, and a datatype of xsd:double.
[21t]    <DOUBLE>    ::=    [+-]? ([0-9]+ "." [0-9]* EXPONENT | "."? [0-9]+ EXPONENT)
returns: literal The literal has a lexical form of the input string, and a datatype of xsd:double.
[155s]    <EXPONENT>    ::=    [eE] [+-]? [0-9]+
[156s]    <STRING_LITERAL1>    ::=    "'" ([^'\\\n\r] | ECHAR | UCHAR)* "'"
returns: lexical formThe characters between the outermost "'"s are taken, with numeric and string escape sequences unescaped, to form the unicode string of a lexical form.
[157s]    <STRING_LITERAL2>    ::=    '"' ([^\"\\\n\r] | ECHAR | UCHAR)* '"'
returns: lexical formThe characters between the outermost '"'s are taken, with numeric and string escape sequences unescaped, to form the unicode string of a lexical form.
[158s]    <STRING_LITERAL_LONG1>    ::=    "'''" ( ("'" | "''")? ([^\\'\\] | ECHAR | UCHAR) )* "'''"
returns: lexical formThe characters between the outermost "'''"s are taken, with numeric and string escape sequences unescaped, to form the unicode string of a lexical form.
[159s]    <STRING_LITERAL_LONG2>    ::=    '"""' ( ('"' | '""')? ([^\"\\] | ECHAR | UCHAR) )* '"""'
returns: lexical formThe characters between the outermost '"""'s are taken, with numeric and string escape sequences unescaped, to form the unicode string of a lexical form.
[73]    <LANG_STRING_LITERAL1>    ::=    "'" ([^'\\\n\r] | ECHAR | UCHAR)* "'" LANGTAG
returns: lexical formThe characters between the outermost "'"s are taken, with numeric and string escape sequences unescaped, to form the unicode string of a lexical form. The trailing LANGTAG is used to create a language-tagged string.
[74]    <LANG_STRING_LITERAL2>    ::=    '"' ([^\"\\\n\r] | ECHAR | UCHAR)* '"' LANGTAG
returns: lexical formThe characters between the outermost '"'s are taken, with numeric and string escape sequences unescaped, to form the unicode string of a lexical form. The trailing LANGTAG is used to create a language-tagged string.
[75]    <LANG_STRING_LITERAL_LONG1>    ::=    "'''" ( ("'" | "''")? ([^\\'\\] | ECHAR | UCHAR) )* "'''" LANGTAG
returns: lexical formThe characters between the outermost "'''"s are taken, with numeric and string escape sequences unescaped, to form the unicode string of a lexical form. The trailing LANGTAG is used to create a language-tagged string.
[76]    <LANG_STRING_LITERAL_LONG2>    ::=    '"""' ( ('"' | '""')? ([^\"\\] | ECHAR | UCHAR) )* '"""' LANGTAG
returns: lexical formThe characters between the outermost '"""'s are taken, with numeric and string escape sequences unescaped, to form the unicode string of a lexical form. The trailing LANGTAG is used to create a language-tagged string.
[26t]    <UCHAR>    ::=       "\\u" HEX HEX HEX HEX
| "\\U" HEX HEX HEX HEX HEX HEX HEX HEX
[160s]    <ECHAR>    ::=    "\\" [tbnrf\\\"\\']
[164s]    <PN_CHARS_BASE>    ::=       [A-Z] | [a-z]
| [#00C0-#00D6] | [#00D8-#00F6] | [#00F8-#02FF]
| [#0370-#037D] | [#037F-#1FFF]
| [#200C-#200D] | [#2070-#218F] | [#2C00-#2FEF]
| [#3001-#D7FF] | [#F900-#FDCF] | [#FDF0-#FFFD]
| [#10000-#EFFFF]
[165s]    <PN_CHARS_U>    ::=    PN_CHARS_BASE | "_"
[167s]    <PN_CHARS>    ::=       PN_CHARS_U | "-" | [0-9]
| [#00B7] | [#0300-#036F] | [#203F-#2040]
[168s]    <PN_PREFIX>    ::=    PN_CHARS_BASE ( (PN_CHARS | ".")* PN_CHARS )?
[77]    <PN_LOCAL>    ::=    (PN_CHARS_U | ":" | [0-9] | PLX) (PN_CHARS | "." | ":" | PLX)*
[170s]    <PLX>    ::=    PERCENT | PN_LOCAL_ESC
[171s]    <PERCENT>    ::=    "%" HEX HEX
[172s]    <HEX>    ::=    [0-9] | [A-F] | [a-f]
[173s]    <PN_LOCAL_ESC>    ::=    "\\" ( "_" | "~" | "." | "-" | "!" | "$" | "&" | "'" | "(" | ")" | "*" | "+" | "," | ";" | "=" | "/" | "?" | "#" | "@" | "%" )
[98]    PASSED TOKENS    ::=       [ \t\r\n]+
| "#" [^\r\n]*
| "/*" ([^*] | '*' ([^/] | '\\/'))* "*/"

A. ShEx JSON Syntax (ShExJ)

This section aggregates the JSON grammar rules defined above and includes terminals referenced above.

A ShExJ document is a JSON-LD [JSON-LD] document which uses a proscribed structure to define a schema containing shape expressions and triple expressions. A ShExJ document MAY include an @context property referencing http://www.w3.org/ns/shex.jsonld. In the absense of a top-level @context, ShEx Processors MUST act as if a @context property is present with the value http://www.w3.org/ns/shex.jsonld.

A ShExJ document can also be thought of as the serialization of an RDF Graph using the Shape Expression Vocabulary [shex-vocab] which conforms to the shape defined in § B. ShEx Shape. Processors MAY interpret a ShExJ document as an RDF Graph. Processors may also transform arbitrary RDF Graphs conforming to § B. ShEx Shape into ShExJ using a mechanism not described within this specification.

In ShExJ, the unbounded cardinality constraint is -1, rather than "*".

This is the complete grammar for ShExJ.

Schema{"@context": "http://www.w3.org/ns/shex.jsonld"
startActs:[SemAct+]? start:shapeExpr? imports:[IRIREF]? shapes:[shapeExpr+]? }
shapeExpr = ShapeOr | ShapeAnd | ShapeNot | NodeConstraint | Shape | ShapeExternal | shapeExprRef ;
ShapeOr { id:shapeExprLabel? shapeExprs:[shapeExpr{2,}] }
ShapeAnd { id:shapeExprLabel? shapeExprs:[shapeExpr{2,}] }
ShapeNot { id:shapeExprLabel? shapeExpr:shapeExpr }
ShapeExternal { id:shapeExprLabel? }
shapeExprRef = shapeExprLabel ;
shapeExprLabel = IRIREF | BNODE ;
NodeConstraint {id:shapeExprLabel? nodeKind:("iri" | "bnode" | "nonliteral" | "literal")? datatype:IRIREF? xsFacet* values:[valueSetValue]? }
xsFacet =stringFacet | numericFacet ;
stringFacet =(length|minlength|maxlength):INTEGER | pattern:STRING flags:STRING? ;
numericFacet =(mininclusive|minexclusive|maxinclusive|maxexclusive):numericLiteral
|(totaldigits|fractiondigits):INTEGER ;
numericLiteral =INTEGER | DECIMAL | DOUBLE ;
valueSetValue=objectValue | IriStem | IriStemRange | LiteralStem | LiteralStemRange | Language | LanguageStem | LanguageStemRange ;
objectValue=IRIREF | ObjectLiteral ;
ObjectLiteral{value:STRING language:STRING? type:STRING? }
IriStem{stem:IRIREF }
IriStemRange{stem:(IRIREF | Wildcard) exclusions:[IRIREF|IriStem +] }
LiteralStem{stem:STRING }
LiteralStemRange{stem:(STRING | Wildcard) exclusions:[STRING|LiteralStem +] }
Language{languageTag:LANGTAG }
LanguageStem{stem:LANGTAG }
LanguageStemRange{stem:(LANGTAG | Wildcard) exclusions:[LANGTAG|LanguageStem +] }
Wildcard {/* empty */ }
Shape {id:shapeExprLabel? closed:BOOL? extra:[IRIREF]? expression:tripleExpr? semActs:[SemAct+]? annotations:[Annotation+]? }
tripleExpr =EachOf | OneOf | TripleConstraint | tripleExprRef ;
EachOf {id:tripleExprLabel? expressions:[tripleExpr{2,}] min:INTEGER? max:INTEGER? semActs:[SemAct+]? annotations:[Annotation+]? }
OneOf {id:tripleExprLabel? expressions:[tripleExpr{2,}] min:INTEGER? max:INTEGER? semActs:[SemAct+]? annotations:[Annotation+]? }
TripleConstraint {id:tripleExprLabel? inverse:BOOL? predicate:IRIREF valueExpr:shapeExpr? min:INTEGER? max:INTEGER? semActs:[SemAct+]? annotations:[Annotation+]? }
tripleExprRef =tripleExprLabel ;
tripleExprLabel =IRIREF | BNODE ;
SemAct{name:IRIREF code:STRING? }
Annotation{predicate:IRI object:objectValue }
TerminalsThese follow the rules for terminals in the XML 1.0 5th Edition
#Turtle IRIREF without enclosing "<>"s
IRIREF :(PN_CHARS | '.' | ':' | '/' | '\\' | '#' | '@' | '%' | '&' | UCHAR)* ;
#Turtle BLANK_NODE_LABEL
BNODE :'_:' (PN_CHARS_U | [0-9]) ((PN_CHARS | '.')* PN_CHARS)? ;
#JSON boolean values
BOOL :"true" | "false" ;
#Turtle INTEGER
INTEGER :[+-]? [0-9] + ;
#Turtle DECIMAL
DECIMAL :[+-]? [0-9]* '.' [0-9] + ;
#Turtle DOUBLE
DOUBLE :[+-]? ([0-9] + '.' [0-9]* EXPONENT | '.' [0-9]+ EXPONENT | [0-9]+ EXPONENT) ;
#BCP47 Language-Tag
LANGTAG :([a-zA-Z])+('-'([a-zA-Z0-9])+)* ;
#any JSON string
STRING :.* ;
ComponentsThese terminals are referenced by other terminals but not by external productions.
PN_PREFIX :PN_CHARS_BASE ((PN_CHARS | '.')* PN_CHARS)? ;
PN_CHARS_BASE :  [A-Z] | [a-z] | [\u00C0-\u00D6] | [\u00D8-\u00F6]
| [\u00F8-\u02FF] | [\u0370-\u037D] | [\u037F-\u1FFF]
| [\u200C-\u200D] | [\u2070-\u218F] | [\u2C00-\u2FEF]
| [\u3001-\uD7FF] | [\uF900-\uFDCF] | [\uFDF0-\uFFFD]
| [\u10000-\uEFFFF] ;
PN_CHARS :PN_CHARS_U | '-' | [0-9] | '\u00B7' | [\u0300-\u036F] | [\u203F-\u2040] ;
PN_CHARS_U :PN_CHARS_BASE | '_' ;
UCHAR :  '\\u' HEX HEX HEX HEX
| '\\U' HEX HEX HEX HEX HEX HEX HEX HEX ;
HEX :[0-9] | [A-F] | [a-f] ;
EXPONENT :[eE] [+-]? [0-9]+ ;

B. ShEx Shape

This section is non-normative.

The following schema describes the form of an RDF Graph conforming to a Shape Expression schema, consisten with the description of ShExJ.

Example 1: ShExR Shape Expression Schema
PREFIX sx: <http://www.w3.org/ns/shex#>
PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
BASE <http://www.w3.org/ns/shex#>
start=@<Schema>

<Schema> CLOSED {
  a [sx:Schema] ;
  sx:imports @<IriList1Plus>? ;
  sx:startActs @<SemActList1Plus>? ;
  sx:start @<shapeExpr>?;
  sx:shapes @<shapeExpr>*
}

<shapeExpr> @<ShapeOr> OR @<ShapeAnd> OR @<ShapeNot> OR @<NodeConstraint> OR @<Shape> OR @<ShapeExternal>

<ShapeOr> CLOSED {
  a [sx:ShapeOr] ;
  sx:shapeExprs @<shapeExprList2Plus>
}

<ShapeAnd> CLOSED {
  a [sx:ShapeAnd] ;
  sx:shapeExprs @<shapeExprList2Plus>
}

<ShapeNot> CLOSED {
  a [sx:ShapeNot] ;
  sx:shapeExpr @<shapeExpr>
}

<NodeConstraint> CLOSED {
  a [sx:NodeConstraint] ;
  sx:nodeKind [sx:iri sx:bnode sx:literal sx:nonliteral]?;
  sx:datatype IRI ? ;
  &<xsFacets>  ;
  sx:values @<valueSetValueList1Plus>?
}

<Shape> CLOSED {
  a [sx:Shape] ;
  sx:closed [true false]? ;
  sx:extra IRI* ;
  sx:expression @<tripleExpression>? ;
  sx:semActs @<SemActList1Plus>? ;
  sx:annotation @<AnnotationList1Plus>? ;
}

<ShapeExternal> CLOSED {
  a [sx:ShapeExternal] ;
}

<SemAct> CLOSED {
  a [sx:SemAct] ;
  sx:name IRI ;
  sx:code xsd:string?
}

<Annotation> CLOSED {
  a [sx:Annotation] ;
  sx:predicate IRI ;
  sx:object @<objectValue>
}

#  <@stringFacet> OR <@numericFacet>
<facet_holder> { # hold labeled productions
  $<xsFacets> ( &<stringFacet> | &<numericFacet> )* ;
  $<stringFacet> (
      sx:length xsd:integer
    | sx:minlength xsd:integer
    | sx:maxlength xsd:integer
    | sx:pattern xsd:string ; sx:flags xsd:string?
  );
  $<numericFacet> (
      sx:mininclusive   @<numericLiteral>
    | sx:minexclusive   @<numericLiteral>
    | sx:maxinclusive   @<numericLiteral>
    | sx:maxexclusive   @<numericLiteral>
    | sx:totaldigits    xsd:integer
    | sx:fractiondigits xsd:integer
  )
}
<numericLiteral> xsd:integer OR xsd:decimal OR xsd:double

<valueSetValue> @<objectValue> OR @<IriStem> OR @<IriStemRange>
                               OR @<LiteralStem> OR @<LiteralStemRange>
                OR @<Language> OR @<LanguageStem> OR @<LanguageStemRange>
<objectValue> IRI OR LITERAL # rdf:langString breaks on Annotation.object
<Language> CLOSED { a [sx:Language]; sx:languageTag xsd:string }
<IriStem> CLOSED { a [sx:IriStem]; sx:stem xsd:string }
<IriStemRange> CLOSED {
  a [sx:IriStemRange];
  sx:stem xsd:string OR @<Wildcard>;
  sx:exclusion @<IriStemExclusionList1Plus>
}
<LiteralStem> CLOSED { a [sx:LiteralStem]; sx:stem xsd:string }
<LiteralStemRange> CLOSED {
  a [sx:LiteralStemRange];
  sx:stem xsd:string OR @<Wildcard>;
  sx:exclusion @<LiteralStemExclusionList1Plus>
}
<LanguageStem> CLOSED { a [sx:LanguageStem]; sx:stem xsd:string }
<LanguageStemRange> CLOSED {
  a [sx:LanguageStemRange];
  sx:stem xsd:string OR @<Wildcard>;
  sx:exclusion @<LanguageStemExclusionList1Plus>
}
<Wildcard> BNODE CLOSED {
  a [sx:Wildcard]
}

<tripleExpression> @<TripleConstraint> OR @<OneOf> OR @<EachOf> OR CLOSED {  }

<OneOf> CLOSED {
  a [sx:OneOf] ;
  sx:min xsd:integer? ;
  sx:max xsd:integer? ;
  sx:expressions @<tripleExpressionList2Plus> ;
  sx:semActs @<SemActList1Plus>? ;
  sx:annotation @<AnnotationList1Plus>?
}

<EachOf> CLOSED {
  a [sx:EachOf] ;
  sx:min xsd:integer? ;
  sx:max xsd:integer? ;
  sx:expressions @<tripleExpressionList2Plus> ;
  sx:semActs @<SemActList1Plus>? ;
  sx:annotation @<AnnotationList1Plus>?
}

<tripleExpressionList2Plus> CLOSED {
  rdf:first @<tripleExpression> ;
  rdf:rest @<tripleExpressionList1Plus>
}
<tripleExpressionList1Plus> CLOSED {
  rdf:first @<tripleExpression> ;
  rdf:rest  [rdf:nil] OR @<tripleExpressionList1Plus>
}

<TripleConstraint> CLOSED {
  a [sx:TripleConstraint] ;
  sx:inverse [true false]? ;
  sx:negated [true false]? ;
  sx:min xsd:integer? ;
  sx:max xsd:integer? ;
  sx:predicate IRI ;
  sx:valueExpr @<shapeExpr>? ;
  sx:semActs @<SemActList1Plus>? ;
  sx:annotation @<AnnotationList1Plus>?
}

<IriList1Plus> CLOSED {
  rdf:first IRI ;
  rdf:rest  [rdf:nil] OR @<IriList1Plus>
}

<SemActList1Plus> CLOSED {
  rdf:first @<SemAct> ;
  rdf:rest  [rdf:nil] OR @<SemActList1Plus>
}

<shapeExprList2Plus> CLOSED {
  rdf:first @<shapeExpr> ;
  rdf:rest  @<shapeExprList1Plus>
}
<shapeExprList1Plus> CLOSED {
  rdf:first @<shapeExpr> ;
  rdf:rest  [rdf:nil] OR @<shapeExprList1Plus>
}

<valueSetValueList1Plus> CLOSED {
  rdf:first @<valueSetValue> ;
  rdf:rest  [rdf:nil] OR @<valueSetValueList1Plus>
}

<AnnotationList1Plus> CLOSED {
  rdf:first @<Annotation> ;
  rdf:rest  [rdf:nil] OR @<AnnotationList1Plus>
}

<IriStemExclusionList1Plus> CLOSED {
  rdf:first IRI OR @<IriStem> ;
  rdf:rest  [rdf:nil] OR @<IriStemExclusionList1Plus>
}

<LiteralStemExclusionList1Plus> CLOSED {
  rdf:first xsd:string OR @<LiteralStem> ;
  rdf:rest  [rdf:nil] OR @<LiteralStemExclusionList1Plus>
}

<LanguageStemExclusionList1Plus> CLOSED {
  rdf:first xsd:string OR @<LanguageStem> ;
  rdf:rest  [rdf:nil] OR @<LanguageStemExclusionList1Plus>
}

IANA Considerations

This section has been submitted to the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) for review, approval, and registration with IANA.

text/shex

Type name:
text
Subtype name:
shex
Required parameters:
None
Optional parameters:
None
Encoding considerations:
8-bit text
ShEx Compact Syntax (ShExC) is a text language which is encoded in UTF-8.
Security considerations:
Given that ShExC allows the substitution of long IRIs with short terms, ShExC documents may expand considerably when processed and, in the worst case, the resulting data might consume all of the recipient's resources. Applications should treat any data with due skepticism.
Interoperability considerations:
Not Applicable
Published specification:
http://shex.io/shex-semantics/
Applications that use this media type:
Any programming environment that requires the exchange of directed graphs. Implementations of ShEx have been created for JavaScript, Python, Ruby, and Java.
Fragment Identifier Considerations:
The structure of a ShEx schema is defined by its representation in JSON per ShEx JSON Syntax (ShExJ). The JSON-LD context <http://www.w3.org/ns/shex.jsonld> defines the RDF representation (ShExR) for every ShEx schema. A ShEx fragment identifies an instance of either the shapeExpr or tripleExpr ShExJ productions, as well as the RDF resource (see RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax §6 [RDF11-CONCEPTS]) in the corresponding ShExR.
Restrictions on Usage:
None
Provisional Registrations:
Not Applicable
Additional information:
Deprecated alias names for this type:
None
Magic number(s):
File extension(s):
.shex
Macintosh file type code(s):
TEXT
Intended usage:
Common
Other Information & Comments:
None
Contact Person:
Contact Name:
Eric Prud'hommeaux
Contact Email Address:
eric@w3.org
Change controller:
W3C

D. Security Considerations

Revealing the structure of an RDF graph can reveal information about the content of conformant data. For instance, a schema with a predicate to describe cancer stage indicates that conforming graphs describe patients with cancer.

The process of testing a graph's conformance to a schema may involve many detailed queries which could draw resources to respond to API calls or SPARQL queries.

ShEx has an extension mechanism which can, in principle, evalute arbitrary code, possibly as some trusted agent. Such extensions should not be executed if they don't come from a trusted source.

Since ShEx is intended to be a pure data exchange format for validating RDF graphs, the ShExJ serialization SHOULD NOT be passed through a code execution mechanism such as JavaScript's eval() function to be parsed. An (invalid) document may contain code that, when executed, could lead to unexpected side effects compromising the security of a system.

See also, § C. IANA Considerations.

E. References

E.1 Normative references

[ECMASCRIPT-6.0]
ECMA-262 6th Edition, The ECMAScript 2015 Language Specification. Allen Wirfs-Brock. Ecma International. June 2015. Standard. URL: http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/index.html
[JSON-LD]
JSON-LD 1.0. Manu Sporny; Gregg Kellogg; Markus Lanthaler. W3C. 16 January 2014. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/
[RDF11-CONCEPTS]
RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax. Richard Cyganiak; David Wood; Markus Lanthaler. W3C. 25 February 2014. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/
[rdf11-mt]
RDF 1.1 Semantics. Patrick Hayes; Peter Patel-Schneider. W3C. 25 February 2014. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/
[RFC2119]
Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels. S. Bradner. IETF. March 1997. Best Current Practice. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119
[rfc4647]
Matching of Language Tags. A. Phillips; M. Davis. IETF. September 2006. Best Current Practice. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4647
[rfc7159]
The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format. T. Bray, Ed.. IETF. March 2014. Proposed Standard. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7159
[RFC8174]
Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words. B. Leiba. IETF. May 2017. Best Current Practice. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8174
[shape-map]
ShapeMap Structure and Language. Eric Prud'hommeaux; Thomas Baker. URL: http://shex.io/shape-map/
[shex-vocab]
Shape Expression Vocabulary. Gregg Kellogg. URL: http://www.w3.org/ns/shex#
[sparql11-query]
SPARQL 1.1 Query Language. Steven Harris; Andy Seaborne. W3C. 21 March 2013. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/
[turtle]
RDF 1.1 Turtle. Eric Prud'hommeaux; Gavin Carothers. W3C. 25 February 2014. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/
[XML]
Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth Edition). Tim Bray; Jean Paoli; Michael Sperberg-McQueen; Eve Maler; François Yergeau et al. W3C. 26 November 2008. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/xml/
[xmlschema-2]
XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition. Paul V. Biron; Ashok Malhotra. W3C. 28 October 2004. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/
[xpath-functions]
XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 Functions and Operators (Second Edition). Ashok Malhotra; Jim Melton; Norman Walsh; Michael Kay. W3C. 14 December 2010. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath-functions/
[xpath-functions-31]
XPath and XQuery Functions and Operators 3.1. Michael Kay. W3C. 21 March 2017. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath-functions-31/
[xpath20]
XML Path Language (XPath) 2.0 (Second Edition). Anders Berglund; Scott Boag; Don Chamberlin; Mary Fernandez; Michael Kay; Jonathan Robie; Jerome Simeon et al. W3C. 14 December 2010. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath20/